Country residences of Paul I. Architectural fate of Paul I Buildings built under Paul 1
teacher of history, social studies,
history and culture of St. Petersburg,
GBOU school No. 123 of St. Petersburg
Lesson objectives:
To help students develop an idea of St. Petersburg at the end of the 19th century.
Lesson objectives:
Build skill
Work with the text of the textbook and additional sources,
Analyze and highlight the main thing,
Independent work skills
Form a personal attitude towards the content of the material,
Student communication skills
During the classes:
1. Slide 1-2
In 1754, Paul I was born in the luxurious wooden Summer Palace, built by Rastrelli for Elizabeth Petrovna on the left bank of the Moika. Here he spent his early years. From here began his painfully long, forty-year journey to the throne.
What do you know about Paul I from your history course? - conversation
The activities of Paul I on the throne were controversial. To this day, some call him a villain and a tyrant, while others call him a reformer.
How many years did Paul I reign?
Is four years a lot or a little? What can be done in 4 years? - conversation
Our task in the lesson is not to evaluate the activities of Paul I, but to see what changed in the city during those four and a half years of his reign.
The first thing Paul I did was to rebury the body of his father (What was his name? What happened to him? - Peter III, killed during a conspiracy). Peter III was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra - and Paul reburied him, as befits Russian emperors, in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Having finally become emperor and being wary of living in the Winter Palace, where he constantly imagined conspiracies, Paul, who was prone to mysticism, according to legend, once declared: “I want to die where I was born.” In 1797, on his orders, the wooden Summer Palace was dismantled and in its place the construction of a castle began, named Mikhailovsky in honor of the Archangel Michael.
5. Watch a video clip about Mikhailovsky Castle from the series “Small Details of the Big City.”
Completing the task “Text with gaps”.
http://LearningApps.org/941752
According to some, the appearance of the palace evokes romantic memories of the Middle Ages; according to others, traces of ancient sculpture are preserved in it. Look at the illustrations and give your opinion.
Construction was also carried out in other areas of the city. In the era of Paul I, new names of architects emerged. One of them, Antonio Porto, built two very austere buildings: the Mint on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress and ...
Medical and Surgical Academy on the Vyborg side, which are still used for their original purpose.
In 1798, by decree of Emperor Paul I, the medical school at the hospital was transformed into the Medical-Surgical Academy. A building was built specifically on the Vyborg side. Classes began in 1800; doctors, veterinarians and pharmacists were trained here.
Take a close look at the building. What architectural style was it built in? Explain your opinion.
It was during this period that the construction of the Kazan Cathedral on Nevsky Prospect was conceived. A competition was announced for the best project. In 1800, construction of the cathedral began according to the design of Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin.
Paul I attached great importance to spiritual education; in 1797, the Holy Trinity Alexander Nevsky Monastery was transformed into the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, and the seminary attached to it was transformed into the Alexander Nevsky Academy.
10. Slide 10
In 1798, Paul I, as emperor, took the title of Grand Master of the Knights of Malta. And he donated this palace, built during the time of Elizabeth Petrovna, according to the design of F.-B. Rastrelli for Count Vorontsov, to the Russian branch of the Order of Malta.
The palace began to be called "the castle of the Knights of Malta."
In 1798-1800 At the behest of Paul I, two churches were built on the territory of the palace estate: the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Chapel of the Order of the Knights of Malta - the Maltese Chapel.
The building of the Maltese Chapel was erected according to the design of architect. J. Quarenghi. Determine what style this building was built in?
11. Slide 11
Under Paul I, 3 monuments were erected in the city, one of which is the monument to Peter I. There is an inscription on the monument: “To great-grandfather - great-grandson (1800).” Why?
The model of the monument was made by the sculptor K. Rastrelli during the life of Peter I. However, its casting was completed only in 1745-1747. But even then it was not established, but only in 1800.
12. Slide 12-13
"Rumyantsev's victories." Remember: “Amusing Field” or “Bolshoi”, and later “Tsaritsyn Meadow”. Military parades took place in the meadow. Later, the name of the square was established - Champ de Mars. Now this monument is located in a completely different place, but under Paul I it was located here.
13. Slide 14
And the monument that replaced it to A.V. Suvorov in the image of the god of war Mars, ordered by Emperor Paul to the sculptor M. Kozlovsky, but erected after the death of the emperor.
14. Slide 15
Consider the image of St. Petersburg, the time of Paul I.
What do you see in the picture? Who is pictured here? How are you dressed? Where? Why do you think so?
Read the text of the textbook, paragraph 2, and the handouts. Work in groups.
Write it down in your notebook: What changed in the lives of the townspeople under Paul?
Discussion of the results of the work.
15. Conclusion.
Paul I reigned for four and a half years. Some believe that when he came to power, he completely changed the life of the city. (Textbook. Test yourself, question 6, p. 191.) What do you think? Discussion.
Group work assignments
1. “Great changes took place in the life of the city with the accession of Emperor Paul I. Work in institutions began at 5-6 in the morning, but after 8 o’clock in the evening not a single resident could appear on the streets without special permission. In contrast to his mother, Emperor Paul did not like luxury. During his reign, there were only 7 French shops in the city, wanting to stop excessive luxury, which was especially evident during balls, among other rules he issued the following: turn off the lights in all private houses after 8 o’clock in the evening, do not travel in fours or sixes. (the number of horses harnessed together), someone was not entitled to by rank, even regulated the number of dishes at dinner in accordance with rank... Living according to the schedule, Paul I regulated the life of the court and all his subjects: home dinners, performances in theaters, balls. had to start at a certain time and end before midnight. The main thing: there should not be empty pastime, unjustified idleness and excessive panache. The former free, sometimes dissolute life in St. Petersburg has become stricter, more everyday. It was difficult to get used to the new order of life in St. Petersburg; this caused discontent and ridicule of the courtiers."
2. “So that the voice of the weak, the oppressed could be heard,” the emperor arranged a box in one of the windows of the Winter Palace, where everyone from dignitaries to commoners could throw letters with petitions for immediate royal protection or mercy. Only the Tsar had the key to the room where the box was located, and he personally took out and read the petitions, without leaving a single matter unresolved."
3. “In 1797, Paul I established a map depot, where Atlases of St. Petersburg were first prepared, which give a vivid picture of St. Petersburg, its geography and development of the late 18th century. Paul was very interested in topographically accurate images of St. Petersburg and the surrounding area.”
4. Guard boxes and barriers
“According to the recollections of contemporaries, the first thing that was remembered in St. Petersburg during the time of Paul I was the striped guard boxes and barriers. First of all, they were placed at outposts to control the entry and exit from the city of residents and guests, as well as the import and export of goods. This the measure was necessary to collect taxes, on the one hand, and on the other, to prevent any smuggling from revolutionary France. The fight against the revolutionary infection also included the emperor’s orders regarding clothing and fashion: a ban on wearing tailcoats and round hats, the desire to dress everyone into uniform.... Striped booths and barriers appeared in the capital thanks to Paul the First's passion for the “Prussian order". The black-and-white striped guardhouses that stood throughout Prussia and Austria made a great impression on the Tsarevich during his trip to Europe. Toys striped huts even stood in the children's rooms of the royal family.Under Paul the First, striped huts were installed at every crossroads of the city. The booths were equipped with a round viewing hole."
5. “On September 25, 1800, a decree was issued on the theatrical theme: “His Imperial Majesty deigned to see with extreme indignation during the last ... performance that some of the former spectators, contrary to previously given orders on this subject, took the liberty of splashing their hands when His Majesty was not pleased to express his approval, and on the contrary, they refrained from splashing when His Majesty, by his example, showed a desire to approve the actors' play." At the same time, a scolding was arranged for the court ladies who "do not maintain the appearance of modesty and decorum in their clothes, befitting their rank and condition." (A. M. Peskov. Pavel I)
6. “Under Paul I, the luxurious Tauride Palace, a gift from Catherine to Grigory Potemkin, was actually plundered and turned into a barracks, a stable and a grandiose soldiers’ toilet. Valuables were removed from the building. Thus, inlaid parquet floors were used in the construction of the Mikhailovsky Castle. In 1799 . a decree was announced on the transfer of the palace to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment “for barracks, and from now on to call the palace the Castle and establish the position of commandant of the Castle." One of Paul’s contemporaries recalled, “in the Catherine Hall and near it there was “sand poured more than an inch high, in "In the stables, as well as in other rooms where the horses were kept, there was a lot of manure and uncleanness. In many rooms, in the right places, there was great uncleanness."
Literature:
History and culture of St. Petersburg, part 1 (From ancient times to the end of the 18th century), L. K. Ermolaeva, I. Z. Zakhvatkina, I. M. Lebedeva, N. G. Sheiko, Yu. A. Korablina, ST. - St. Petersburg, SMIO Press, 2011
Internet resources used:
1. History of St. Petersburg, the best articles about the history of St. Petersburg.
Petersburg at the end of the 18th century
http://www.gopiter.ru/piter/helpinfo/history/piter_18/
2. Petersburg under Paul I
http://history-gatchina.ru/paul/manege/spb.htm
3. St. Petersburg
Three ancient relics of the Hospitallers - a particle of the tree of the Holy Cross, the Philermos icon of the Mother of God and the right hand of St. John the Baptist - were delivered to Gatchina and on October 12 (23), 1799, they were solemnly brought into the church of the Gatchina Palace. On December 9 of the same year, the shrines were transported from Gatchina to St. Petersburg, where they were placed in the court church of the Savior Not Made by Hands in the Winter Palace. In memory of this event, the Holy Synod established on October 12 (24), 1800, the annual celebration on this day of “the transfer from Malta to Gatchina of part of the tree of the Life-giving Cross of the Lord, the Philermos Icon of the Mother of God and the right hand of St. John the Baptist.”
The Priory Palace was built for the knights in Gatchina; in addition, the Vorontsov Palace, at which the Maltese Chapel was built, was transferred to their disposal. The Emperor issued a decree accepting the island of Malta under Russian protection. In the calendar of the Academy of Sciences, by order of the emperor, the island of Malta was to be designated a “Province of the Russian Empire”. Paul I wanted to make the title of grandmaster hereditary and annex Malta to Russia. The emperor planned to create a naval base on the island to ensure the interests of the Russian Empire in the Mediterranean Sea and southern Europe.
After the assassination of Paul, Alexander I, who ascended the throne, normalized relations with the British Empire and renounced the title of grandmaster. In 1801, at the direction of Alexander I, the Maltese cross was removed from the coat of arms. In 1810, a decree was signed to stop awarding the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
Architectural preferences
The material embodiment of Pavel’s tense relationship with his mother became the so-called. war of palaces with castles. The chivalrous aspirations of the heir led to the militarization of the life of the “young court.” Without deviating from the basic principles of classicism, Paul especially appreciated fortification elements like turrets and a moat with a drawbridge, which reminded him of medieval castles. Not only the monumental Gatchina and Mikhailovsky castles were designed in this style, but also the more intimate, “amusing” castles built by order of Paul - the Priory and Mariental castles.
On the occasion of the birth of her eldest grandson, Catherine gave her heir the Pavlovsk Manor, where the Pavlovsk Palace was eventually built in the Palladian style, which was preferred by the empress herself. In the capital, the Kamennoostrovsky Palace was erected to house the young court, where, however, Paul visited relatively rarely. The main exponent of his architectural tastes was the Italian Vincenzo Brenna, the forerunner of the romantic trend in classicism. By order of the heir, he introduced military accents to the appearance of Pavlovsk’s residence - he designed the “toy” Marienthal fortress and filled the halls of the main palace with military motifs.
After the death of his mother, Emperor Paul ordered the demolition of buildings that reminded him of the last years of her reign, of the unbearable time for him of the dominance of the Zubov brothers. Some pavilions of Tsarskoye Selo (for example, the gazebo on the Rose Field) and the Pellinsky Palace on the banks of the Neva, the largest palace and park ensemble in Russia in the 18th century (25 buildings in total), fell victims. The Catherine Palace in Lefortovo, the English Palace in Peterhof and the Tauride Palace in the capital were converted into barracks by order of Paul. Buildings from Catherine's era were demolished even in provincial cities (for example, the palace of Governor Melgunov on the main square of Yaroslavl was demolished).
Out of fear of a palace coup - similar to the one that brought his father to the grave - Paul decided to retire to a castle separated from the city by a moat. Work began on the construction of the Mikhailovsky Castle. In front of the entrance to the residence, a monument to Peter I was erected with the inscription “To great-grandfather - great-grandson.” Paul was proud of his descent from Peter the Great and tried in every possible way to emphasize it. Pavel lived in the new residence for only a few months before the regicide. At this time, he ordered the start of a new large-scale construction in the capital - the Kazan Cathedral on Nevsky Prospekt. After Pavel's death, the foreign architects who worked for him (Brenna, Violier, Rossi) lost their orders and left Russia.
Petersburg under Paul I
In 1797, Paul I established a map depot, where Atlases of St. Petersburg were first prepared, which give a clear picture of St. Petersburg, its geography and buildings of the late 18th century. Pavel took great interest in topographically accurate images of St. Petersburg and the surrounding area. It is worth noting the widespread development of the art of visual engraving and watercolor.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the first thing that was remembered in St. Petersburg during the time of Paul I were the striped guard booths and barriers. First of all, they were stationed at outposts to control the entry and exit from the city of residents and guests, as well as the import and export of goods. This measure was necessary to collect taxes, on the one hand, and on the other, to prevent any smuggling from revolutionary France. The fight against the revolutionary infection also included the emperor’s orders regarding clothing and fashion: a ban on wearing tailcoats and round hats, and the desire to dress everyone in a uniform.
Being a pedant and living according to a schedule, Paul I regulated the life of the court and all his subjects: home dinners, performances in theaters, balls had to start at a certain time and end before midnight. The main thing: there should be no empty pastime, unjustified idleness and excessive panache. It was difficult to get used to the new order of life in St. Petersburg; it caused discontent and ridicule. This was a kind of background against which the unique and unique cultural life of St. Petersburg developed.
 J.L. Monier. Portrait President of the Academy of Arts Count A.S. Stroganova |
It was during the era of Paul I that new names of architects emerged. So A. Porto built two very strict buildings: the Mint on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Medical-Surgical Academy on the Vyborg Side, which are still used for their original purpose. Talented architects F. Demertsov and F. Volkov actively worked in the field of civil architecture; they built buildings of educational institutions, military barracks, hospitals, and churches. It is characteristic that it was civil architecture that prevailed during the short reign of Paul I.
As for solving serious urban planning problems, it should be especially emphasized that it was during this period that the construction of the Kazan Cathedral on Nevsky Prospekt was conceived by the Academy of Arts, which at that time was headed by Count A.S. Stroganov, a competition was announced for the best project. In 1800, construction of the cathedral began according to the design of A. Voronikhin.
Under Paul I, three monuments were erected: a statue of Peter the Great, an obelisk of “Rumyantsev’s victories” designed by Brenna on the Field of Mars, and a monument to A.V. Suvorov in the image of the god of war Mars, which replaced it, ordered by Emperor Paul to the sculptor M. Kozlovsky, but erected after death of the emperor.
Coronation: |
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Predecessor: |
Catherine II |
Successor: |
Alexander I |
Birth: |
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Buried: |
Peter and Paul Cathedral |
Dynasty: |
Romanovs |
Admiral General |
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Catherine II |
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1. Natalya Alekseevna (Wilhelmina of Hesse) |
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(from Natalya Alekseevna): there were no children (from Maria Feodorovna) sons: Alexander I, Konstantin Pavlovich, Nikolai I, Mikhail Pavlovich daughters: Alexandra Pavlovna, Elena Pavlovna, Maria Pavlovna, Ekaterina Pavlovna, Olga Pavlovna, Anna Pavlovna |
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Autograph: |
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Relations with Catherine II
Domestic policy
Foreign policy
Order of Malta
Conspiracy and death
Versions of the birth of Paul I
Military ranks and titles
Paul I in art
Literature
Cinema
Monuments to Paul I
Paul I (Pavel Petrovich; September 20 (October 1), 1754, Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna, St. Petersburg - March 11 (23), 1801, Mikhailovsky Castle, St. Petersburg) - Emperor of All Russia from November 6, 1796, from the Romanov dynasty, son of Peter III Fedorovich and Catherine II Alekseevna.
Childhood, education and upbringing
Pavel was born on September 18 (October 1), 1754 in St. Petersburg, in the Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna. Subsequently, this castle was destroyed, and in its place the Mikhailovsky Palace was built, in which Pavel was killed on March 10 (23), 1801.
On September 20, 1754, in the ninth year of marriage, Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna finally had her first child. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, Grand Duke Peter and the Shuvalov brothers were present at the birth. Elizaveta Petrovna immediately picked up the newborn baby, washed and sprinkled with holy water, and carried it into the hall to show the future heir to the courtiers. The Empress baptized the baby and ordered him to be named Paul. Catherine, like Peter III, were completely removed from raising their son.
Due to the vicissitudes of a merciless political struggle, Paul was essentially deprived of the love of those close to him. Of course, this affected the child’s psyche and his perception of the world. But, we should pay tribute to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, she ordered to surround him with the best, in her opinion, teachers.
The first educator was the diplomat F.D. Bekhteev, who was obsessed with the spirit of all kinds of regulations, clear orders, and military discipline comparable to drill. This created in the impressionable boy’s mind that this is how everything happens in everyday life. And he didn’t think about anything except soldiers’ marches and battles between battalions. Bekhteev came up with a special alphabet for the little prince, the letters of which were cast from lead in the form of soldiers. He began to print a small newspaper in which he talked about all, even the most insignificant, actions of Paul.
The birth of Paul was reflected in many odes written by the poets of that time.
In 1760, Elizaveta Petrovna appointed a new teacher for her grandson. He became, by her choice, Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin. He was a forty-two-year-old man who occupied a very prominent place at court. Possessing extensive knowledge, he had previously spent several years on a diplomatic career in Denmark and Sweden, where his worldview was formed. Having very close contacts with the Freemasons, he picked up Enlightenment ideas from them and even became a supporter of a constitutional monarchy. His brother Pyotr Ivanovich was a great local master of the Masonic order in Russia.
The first wariness towards the new teacher soon disappeared, and Pavel quickly became attached to him. Panin opened Russian and Western European literature to young Pavel. The young man was very willing to read, and in the next year he read quite a lot of books. He was well acquainted with Sumarokov, Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Racine, Corneille, Moliere, Werther, Cervantes, Voltaire and Rousseau. He was fluent in Latin, French and German, and loved mathematics.
His mental development proceeded without any deviations. One of Pavel’s younger mentors, Poroshin, kept a diary in which he noted all of little Pavel’s actions day after day. It does not indicate any deviations in the mental development of the personality of the future emperor, which numerous haters of Pavel Petrovich subsequently loved to talk about.
On February 23, 1765, Poroshin wrote: “I read to His Highness Vertotov a story about the Order of the Knights of Malta. He then deigned to amuse himself and, tying the admiral’s flag to his cavalry, imagine himself as a Cavalier of Malta.”
Already in his youth, Paul began to be fascinated by the idea of chivalry, the idea of honor and glory. And in the military doctrine presented to his mother at the age of 20, who by that time was already the Empress of All Russia, he refused to wage an offensive war and explained his idea by the need to observe the principle of reasonable sufficiency, while all the efforts of the Empire should be aimed at creating internal order.
The Tsarevich's confessor and mentor was one of the best Russian preachers and theologians, Archimandrite, and later Metropolitan of Moscow Platon (Levshin). Thanks to his pastoral work and instructions in the law of God, Pavel Petrovich became a deeply religious, true Orthodox man for the rest of his short life. In Gatchina, until the revolution of 1917, they preserved a rug worn by Pavel Petrovich’s knees during his long night prayers.
Thus, we can notice that in his childhood, adolescence and youth, Paul received an excellent education, had a broad outlook, and even then came to knightly ideals and firmly believed in God. All this is reflected in his future policies, in his ideas and actions.
Relations with Catherine II
Immediately after birth, Pavel was removed from his mother. Catherine could see him very rarely and only with the permission of the Empress. When Paul was eight years old, his mother, Catherine, relying on the guard, carried out a coup, during which Paul's father, Emperor Peter III, was killed. Paul was to ascend the throne.
Catherine II removed Paul from interfering in any state affairs; he, in turn, condemned her entire way of life and did not accept the policies that she pursued.
Pavel believed that this policy was based on love of fame and pretense; he dreamed of introducing strictly legal governance in Russia under the auspices of the autocracy, limiting the rights of the nobility, and introducing the strictest, Prussian-style, discipline in the army. In the 1780s he became interested in Freemasonry.
The ever-increasing relationship between Paul and his mother, whom he suspected of complicity in the murder of his father, Peter III, led to the fact that Catherine II gave her son the Gatchina estate in 1783 (that is, she “removed” him from the capital). Here Pavel introduced customs that were sharply different from those in St. Petersburg. But in the absence of any other concerns, he concentrated all his efforts on creating the “Gatchina army”: several battalions placed under his command. Officers in full uniform, wigs, tight uniforms, impeccable order, punishment with spitzrutens for the slightest omissions and a ban on civilian habits.
In 1794, the Empress decided to remove her son from the throne and hand him over to her eldest grandson Alexander Pavlovich, but she met opposition from senior state dignitaries. The death of Catherine II on November 6, 1796 opened the way for Paul to the throne.
Domestic policy
Paul began his reign by changing all the orders of Catherine's rule. During his coronation, Paul announced a series of decrees. In particular, Paul canceled Peter's decree on the appointment by the emperor himself of his successor to the throne and established a clear system of succession to the throne. From that moment on, the throne could only be inherited through the male line; after the death of the emperor, it passed to the eldest son or the next oldest brother if there were no children. A woman could occupy the throne only if the male line was suppressed. With this decree, Paul excluded palace coups, when emperors were overthrown and erected by the force of the guard, the reason for which was the lack of a clear system of succession to the throne (which, however, did not prevent the palace coup on March 12, 1801, during which he himself was killed). Also, in accordance with this decree, a woman could not occupy the Russian throne, which excluded the possibility of temporary workers (who accompanied empresses in the 18th century) or a repetition of a situation similar to the one when Catherine II did not transfer the throne to Paul after he came of age.
Paul restored the system of collegiums, and attempts were made to stabilize the financial situation of the country (including the famous action of melting down palace services into coins).
With the manifesto on three-day corvee, he prohibited landowners from performing corvee on Sundays, holidays, and more than three days a week (the decree was almost not implemented locally).
He significantly narrowed the rights of the noble class compared to those granted by Catherine II, and the rules established in Gatchina were transferred to the entire Russian army. The most severe discipline and unpredictability of the emperor’s behavior led to massive dismissals of nobles from the army, especially the officers of the guard (out of 182 officers who served in the Horse Guards Regiment in 1786, only two had not resigned by 1801). All officers on the staff who did not appear by order at the military board to confirm their service were also dismissed.
Paul I started the military, as well as other reforms, not only out of his own whim. The Russian army was not at its peak, discipline in the regiments suffered, titles were handed out undeservedly: in particular, noble children were assigned to one or another regiment from birth. Many, having a rank and receiving a salary, did not serve at all (apparently, such officers were dismissed from the staff). For negligence and laxity, rough treatment of soldiers, the emperor personally tore off the epaulettes from officers and generals and sent them to Siberia. Paul I persecuted the theft of generals and embezzlement in the army. And Suvorov himself prescribed corporal punishment in his The science of winning(Whoever doesn’t take care of a soldier gets his wands, whoever doesn’t take care of himself gets his wands too), he’s also a supporter of the strictest discipline, but not meaningless drill. As a reformer, he decided to follow the example of Peter the Great: he took as a basis the model of the modern European army - the Prussian one. Military reform did not stop even after Paul's death.
During the reign of Paul I, the Arakcheevs, Kutaisovs, and Obolyaninovs, who were personally devoted to the emperor, rose to prominence.
Fearing the spread of the ideas of the French Revolution in Russia, Paul I banned young people from traveling abroad to study, the import of books was completely prohibited, even sheet music, and private printing houses were closed. The regulation of life went so far as to set a time when the fires in houses were supposed to be turned off. By special decrees, some words of the Russian language were removed from official use and replaced with others. Thus, among those seized were the words “citizen” and “fatherland” that had a political connotation (replaced with “everyman” and “state”, respectively), but a number of Paul’s linguistic decrees were not so transparent - for example, the word “detachment” was changed to “detachment” or “command”, “execute” to “execute”, and “doctor” to “doctor”.
Foreign policy
Paul's foreign policy was inconsistent. In 1798, Russia entered into an anti-French coalition with Great Britain, Austria, Turkey, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. At the insistence of the allies, the disgraced A.V. Suvorov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian troops. Austrian troops were also transferred to his jurisdiction. Under the leadership of Suvorov, Northern Italy was liberated from French domination. In September 1799, the Russian army made Suvorov's famous crossing of the Alps. However, already in October of the same year, Russia broke the alliance with Austria due to the Austrians’ failure to fulfill allied obligations, and Russian troops were recalled from Europe.
Order of Malta
After Malta surrendered to the French without a fight in the summer of 1798, the Order of Malta was left without a grand master and without a seat. For help, the knights of the order turned to the Russian Emperor and Defender of the Order since 1797, Paul I.
On December 16, 1798, Paul I was elected Grand Master of the Order of Malta, and therefore the words “... and Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem." The Order of St. John of Jerusalem was established in Russia. The Russian Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the Order of Malta were partially integrated. The image of the Maltese cross appeared on the Russian coat of arms.
Shortly before his murder, Paul sent the Don army - 22,507 people - on a campaign against India. The campaign was canceled immediately after the death of Paul by decree of Emperor Alexander I.
Conspiracy and death
Paul I was brutally beaten and strangled by officers in his own bedroom on the night of March 11, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle. Participating in the conspiracy were Agramakov, N.P. Panin, vice-chancellor, L.L. Benningsen, commander of the Izyum Light Horse Regiment, P. A. Zubov (Catherine’s favorite), Palen, Governor-General of St. Petersburg, commanders of the Guards regiments: Semenovsky - N.I. Depreradovich, Kavalergardsky - F.P. Uvarov, Preobrazhensky - P.A. Talyzin, and according to some sources - wing- the emperor's adjutant, Count Pyotr Vasilyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, immediately after the coup was appointed commander of the Cavalry Regiment.
Initially, the overthrow of Paul and the accession of an English regent were planned. Perhaps the denunciation to the tsar was written by V.P. Meshchersky, the former chief of the St. Petersburg regiment stationed in Smolensk, perhaps by Prosecutor General P.Kh. Obolyaninov. In any case, the conspiracy was discovered, Lindener and Arakcheev were summoned, but this only accelerated the execution of the conspiracy. According to one version, Pavel was killed by Nikolai Zubov (Suvorov’s son-in-law, Platon Zubov’s older brother), who hit him with a golden snuffbox (a joke later circulated at court: “The Emperor died of an apoplectic blow to the temple with a snuffbox”). According to another version, Paul was strangled with a scarf or crushed by a group of conspirators who, leaning on the emperor and each other, did not know exactly what was happening. Mistaking one of the killers for his son Constantine, Pavel shouted: “Your Highness, are you here too? Have mercy! Air, Air!.. What have I done wrong to you?” These were his last words.
The funeral service and burial took place on March 23, Holy Saturday; committed by all members of the Holy Synod, headed by Metropolitan of St. Petersburg Ambrose (Podobedov).
Versions of the birth of Paul I
Due to the fact that Paul was born almost ten years after the wedding of Peter and Catherine, when many were already convinced of the futility of this marriage (and also under the influence of the free personal life of the empress in the future), there were persistent rumors that the real father Paul I was not Peter III, but the first favorite of Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna, Count Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov.
Historical anecdote
The Romanovs themselves related to this legend
(about the fact that Paul I was not the son of Peter III)
with great humor. There is a memoir about
how Alexander III, having learned about her,
crossed himself: “Thank God, we are Russian!”
And having heard a refutation from historians, again
crossed himself: “Thank God we are legit!”
The memoirs of Catherine II contain an indirect indication of this. In the same memoirs one can find a hidden indication of how the desperate Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, so that the dynasty would not fade away, ordered the wife of her heir to give birth to a child, no matter who his genetic father would be. In this regard, after this instruction, the courtiers assigned to Catherine began to encourage her adultery. However, Catherine is quite crafty in her memoirs - there she explains that the long-term marriage did not produce offspring, since Peter had some obstacle, which, after the ultimatum given to her by Elizabeth, was eliminated by her friends, who performed a violent surgical operation on Peter, in due to which he was still able to conceive a child. The paternity of Catherine’s other children born during her husband’s lifetime is also doubtful: Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (born 1757) was most likely the daughter of Poniatovsky, and Alexei Bobrinsky (born 1762) was the son of G. Orlov and was born in secret. More folklore and in line with traditional ideas about the “switched baby” is the story that Ekaterina Alekseevna allegedly gave birth to a stillborn child (or girl) and he was replaced by a certain “Chukhon” baby. They even pointed out who this girl grew up to be, “Catherine’s real daughter” - Countess Alexandra Branitskaya.
Family
Paul I was married twice:
- 1st wife: (from October 10, 1773, St. Petersburg) Natalya Alekseevna(1755-1776), born. Princess Augusta Wilhelmina Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. Died during childbirth with a baby.
- 2nd wife: (from October 7, 1776, St. Petersburg) Maria Fedorovna(1759-1828), born. Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg. Had 10 children:
- Alexander I(1777-1825), Russian Emperor
- Konstantin Pavlovich(1779-1831), Grand Duke.
- Alexandra Pavlovna (1783-1801)
- Elena Pavlovna (1784-1803)
- Maria Pavlovna (1786-1859)
- Ekaterina Pavlovna (1788-1819)
- Olga Pavlovna (1792-1795)
- Anna Pavlovna (1795-1865)
- Nicholas I(1796-1855), Russian Emperor
- Mikhail Pavlovich(1798-1849), Grand Duke.
Illegitimate children:
- Velikiy, Semyon Afanasyevich
- Inzov, Ivan Nikitich (according to one version)
- Marfa Pavlovna Musina-Yuryeva
Military ranks and titles
Colonel of the Life Cuirassier Regiment (July 4, 1762) (Russian Imperial Guard) Admiral General (December 20, 1762) (Imperial Russian Navy)
Paul I in art
Literature
- A masterpiece of Russian literature is the story by Yu. N. Tynyanov "Second Lieutenant Kizhe", based on an anecdote, but vividly conveying the atmosphere of the reign of Emperor Paul I.
- Alexandre Dumas - "Fencing Teacher". / Per. from fr. edited by O. V. Moiseenko. - True, 1984
- Dmitry Sergeevich Merezhkovsky - “Paul I” (“drama for reading”, the first part of the trilogy “The Kingdom of the Beast”), which tells about the conspiracy and murder of the emperor, where Paul himself appears as a despot and tyrant, and his killers as guardians for the good of Russia.
Cinema
- "Lieutenant Kizhe"(1934) - Mikhail Yanshin.
- "Suvorov"(1940) - film by Vsevolod Pudovkin with Apollo Yachnitsky as Pavel.
- "Ships storm the bastions"(1953) - Pavel Pavlenko
- "Bagration"(1985), played by Arnis Licitis
- "Assa"(1987) - a film by Sergei Solovyov with Dmitry Dolinin in the role of Pavel.
- "Emperor's Steps"(1990) - Alexander Filippenko.
- "Countess Sheremeteva"(1994), starring Yuri Verkun.
- "Poor, poor Paul"(2003) - film by Vitaly Melnikov with Viktor Sukhorukov in the title role.
- "Golden age"(2003) - Alexander Bashirov
- "Adjutants of Love"(2005), in the role - Avangard Leontyev.
- "Favorite"(2005), starring Vadim Skvirsky.
- "Maltese cross"(2007), played by Nikolai Leshchukov.
Monuments to Paul I
On the territory of the Russian Empire, at least six monuments were erected to Emperor Paul I:
- Vyborg. In the early 1800s, in Mon Repos Park, its then owner Baron Ludwig Nicolai, in gratitude to Paul I, erected a tall granite column with an explanatory inscription in Latin. The monument has been safely preserved.
- Gatchina. On the parade ground in front of the Great Gatchina Palace there is a monument to Paul I by I. Vitali, which is a bronze statue of the Emperor on a granite pedestal. Opened on August 1, 1851. The monument has been safely preserved.
- Gruzino, Novgorod region. On the territory of his estate, A. A. Arakcheev installed a cast-iron bust of Paul I on a cast-iron pedestal. The monument has not survived to this day.
- Mitava. In 1797, near the road to his Sorgenfrey estate, the landowner von Driesen erected a low stone obelisk in memory of Paul I, with an inscription in German. The fate of the monument after 1915 is unknown.
- Pavlovsk. On the parade ground in front of the Pavlovsk Palace there is a monument to Paul I by I. Vitali, which is a cast-iron statue of the Emperor on a brick pedestal covered with zinc sheets. Opened on June 29, 1872. The monument has been safely preserved.
- Spaso-Vifanovsky Monastery. In memory of the visit of Emperor Paul I and his wife Empress Maria Feodorovna to the monastery in 1797, an obelisk made of white marble, decorated with a marble plaque with an explanatory inscription, was built on its territory. The obelisk was installed in an open gazebo, supported by six columns, near the chambers of Metropolitan Plato. During the years of Soviet power, both the monument and the monastery were destroyed.
- Saint Petersburg. In 2003, a monument to Paul I was erected in the courtyard of the Mikhailovsky Castle by sculptor V. E. Gorevoy, architect V. P. Nalivaiko. Opened on May 27, 2003.
Three-part bridge
Maple Street
Two pavilions of the Guardia of the Mikhailovsky Castle
The architecture of the palace is uncharacteristic for St. Petersburg in the 18th century. With the strict elegance of its style, the castle is more reminiscent of a medieval fortress; it is the only palace building in Russia in the style of romantic classicism.
The unique appearance of this building, combining contradictory architectural trends and stylistic techniques, sets it apart in the general mainstream of the development of Russian classicism. However, it is the Mikhailovsky Castle that is perceived as the most expressive symbol of the Pavlovian era. Its appearance clearly embodied the artistic tastes and originality of the personality of the owner and main creator - Emperor Paul I
Southern (main) facade
The central part of the southern façade is contrastingly highlighted by a portico raised to a high ground floor of four double Ionic columns of red marble with a richly decorated sculpted pediment and attic above it.
It was decorated with the bas-relief “History records the glory of Russia on its tablets,” made by the sculptor P. Stadzhi. Also on this façade was a modified biblical quote (originally referred to God, not the monarch) - To your house shall the holiness of the Lord befit the length of days.
The main southern façade is emphatically monumental and representative. The solemn formation of its columns and giant obelisks are reminiscent of the Louvre colonnade and the Saint-Denis gate in Paris.
The northern facade opposite the main one, facing the Summer Garden, was designed as a park.
At its center is a wide, sculptured staircase leading to an entrance loggia with a pair of Tuscan marble colonnade supporting a terrace. The facade is completed with a richly decorated attic.
The open terrace of this facade is supported by a marble colonnade, and a wide staircase decorated with statues of Hercules and Flora is also used.
The western and eastern facades, according to Bazhenov’s project, were treated in the same way as subordinate ones.
Western façade
East façade
The facade of the palace church, which is crowned with a typical St. Petersburg spire, protrudes towards Sadovaya Street.
Known for his demands for ostentatious effect in palace life and parades, Pavel literally “stuffed” Mikhailovsky with luxury and wealth. They exude both from the interiors themselves (malachite, various types of marble, lapis lazuli, jasper), combining monumental painting and wood carvings, amazing modeling and velvet upholstery with silver embroidery, and from the works of art present in these walls.
On November 8, 1800, on the day of St. Michael the Archangel, the solemn consecration of the castle and its church took place, and in February 1801, Pavel and his family moved from the Winter Palace to the Mikhailovsky Castle.
Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna with their sons Alexander and Konstantin; presumably K. Heuer, 1781
Gerard von Kügelgen. Portrait of Paul I with his family. 1800
Johann Baptist Lampi the Younger Equestrian portrait of Emperor Paul I with his sons Alexander and Constantine, as well as Palatine Joseph of Hungary. 1802
Maria Feodorovna ; before converting to Orthodoxy - Sophia Marie Dorothea Augusta Luisa von Württemberg (German: Sophia Marie Dorothea Augusta Luisa von Württemberg; October 14, 1759, Stettin - October 24, 1828, Pavlovsk) - princess of the House of Württemberg, second wife of the Russian Emperor Paul I. Mother of Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I.
Alexander Roslin. Portrait of Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna
Maria Feodorovna shortly after the wedding. Portrait of Alexander Roslin
M.F.Kvadal. Coronation of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
Maria Fedorovna by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1755-1842)
Vladimir Borovikovsky (1757-1825) Portrait of Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828)
Veil of Jean Louis - Portrait of Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna
Dow George (1781-1829) Portrait of Empress Maria Feodorovna
For just over a month the castle was the royal residence. “Here I was born, here I would like to die” - these words of Emperor Paul I were destined to become prophetic. On March 11, 1801, Emperor Paul I was killed in his bedroom in the Mikhailovsky Castle, becoming a victim of a palace conspiracy. The next morning, the august family returned to the Winter Palace.
The Assassination of Emperor Paul I, engraving from a French historical book, 1880s
Maria Feodorovna in a widow's outfit
Tombstone of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna in the Peter and Paul Cathedral
Mikhailovsky Castle is full of legends and mysteries. Rumor has it that after the murder he walked in it ghost of the murdered emperor, to whom the monk Abel also prophesied about the fate of the entire Romanov family and the Russian state. The envelope with this prophecy was to be opened according to Paul's will on the centenary of his death, and it was kept in another castle - in Gatchina, the suburban residence of the emperor.
For two decades, Mikhailovsky Castle was used for private residence; government apartments for departmental officials and various institutions were located here.
Paul I in a portrait by S. Shchukin
In 1822, by decree of Alexander I, the building was transferred to the Main Engineering School, which gave the castle a new name - “Engineering”. Over the course of a century, the school rebuilt the former imperial residence for its needs. In the middle of the 19th century. By order of Alexander II, on the site of Paul's former bedroom, the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul was built, partially preserved to this day.
Portrait of Emperor Paul I - Nikolai Argunov
F.M. was educated within the walls of the Military Engineering School. Dostoevsky, D.V. Grigorovich, I.M. Sechenov, T.A. Cui and many others.
V.L. Borovikovsky. Portrait of Paul I
In 1991, the building of the Mikhailovsky Castle was transferred to State Russian Museum. Since that time, a comprehensive restoration of the one-of-a-kind architectural monument has been carried out.
Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky
One of the legends of the Mikhailovsky Castle is associated with the color of its walls: according to one version, it was chosen in honor of the glove of the emperor's favorite Anna Gagarina (Lopukhina). According to another, it was the traditional color of the Order of Malta. Following the tsar's choice, the color came into fashion, and for some time the facades of some St. Petersburg palaces were repainted in the same color.
Anna Lopukhina (Gagarin) - the emperor's favorite
When the Russian Museum began restoring the palace, the walls of the castle were brick-red, to which the townspeople had long been accustomed, considering it the original color, especially since it coincided with the colors of the Order of Malta. But restorers discovered remnants of the original paint under the plaster of the palace facade, and this difficult-to-define color (pinkish-orange-yellow) was very different from the usual colors, confirming the story about the glove.
Paul I wearing the crown, dalmatic and insignia of the Order of Malta. Artist V. L. Borovikovsky
In 2001-2002 A uniquely complex reconstruction of part of the fortifications that previously surrounded the castle was carried out - fragments of the Resurrection Canal and the Three-Span Bridge, preserved underground, were discovered. Scientific research and archaeological work made it possible to reconstruct the engineering and technical complex of the 18th century. - one of the central architectural ensembles of St. Petersburg during the time of Paul I.
S. Tonchi Portrait of Paul I in the robes of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta
The restored halls now house permanent exhibitions and temporary exhibitions.
Pavel I - Vladimir Borovikovsky
The first temple of Christian Rus'
Emperor Nicholas II and his family canonized as saints
Architectural fate of Paul I Buildings built under Paul 1