Presentation on the topic from workers to presidents. Presidents of Russia presentation for a history lesson (Grade 10) on the topic. Consequences of the dominance of the President of the Russian Federation

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution, he takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities (parts 1.2 of article 80 of the Constitution).

Powers of the President of the Russian Federation: 1) appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma; 2) has the right to preside at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation; 3) makes decisions on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation; 4) at the suggestion of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints and dismisses deputies of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers; 5) appoints and dismisses plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation; 6) appoint and dismiss the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; 7) appoints and recalls, after consultations with the relevant committees or commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign states and international organizations; 8) uses conciliation procedures to resolve disagreements between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as between state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; 9) has the right to suspend the acts of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of a conflict between these acts of the Constitution and federal laws, international obligations of the Russian Federation or violation of human and civil rights and freedoms until this issue is resolved by the appropriate court; 10) exercises powers in accordance with the Constitution and federal laws as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation;

11) manage the activities of federal executive bodies on defense, security, justice, etc. in accordance with the Constitution, federal constitutional, federal laws. Federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies managed by the President of the Russian Federation: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (the Federal Migration Service subordinate to it), Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Defense Russian Federation (the Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation, the Federal Service for Defense Order, the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Special Construction), the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (the Federal Service for the Execution of Punishments, the Federal Registration Service, the Federal Service for bailiffs, the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency), the State Courier Service of the Russian Federation (federal service), the Foreign Intelligence Service (federal service), the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service Ba of the Russian Federation for Drug Control, Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Main Directorate for Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency), Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (federal agency).

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Scroll through the presentation on the topic: “A famous person of Russia. President of the Russian Federation - Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin"

Biography
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Born October 7, 1952 in Leningrad. According to his own answer during the census, Russian by nationality. Putin's father, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (February 23, 1911 - August 2, 1999) - a participant in the Great Patriotic War (a soldier of the 330th Infantry Regiment of the 86th Division of the Red Army, fought defending Nevsky piglet, was seriously wounded in the shin in November 1941), before the war he served in the submarine fleet, after the war he was a master at the plant. Egorova. Mother, Maria Ivanovna Shelomova (1911-1998), also worked at the plant, survived the siege of Leningrad.

The ancestors of V. V. Putin on the paternal and maternal lines (Putins, Shelomovs, Chursanovs, Buyanovs, Fomins and others) for at least 300 years were peasants of the Tver district. The earliest known ancestor of V.V. Putin is mentioned in 1627/1628 in the inscribed book of the Tver district. This is Yakov Nikitin - the bean of the village of Borodino, the parish of the village of Turginovo, the estate of the boyar Ivan Nikitich Romanov, uncle of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Vladimir was the third son in the family - he had two older brothers who were born and died before his birth: Victor (1940-1942 ) and Albert (died before the start of World War II). Victor died of diphtheria during the siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Piskarevsky cemetery.

The Putin family lived in a communal apartment without any amenities in Baskov Lane (house 12) in Leningrad, Putin lived in this apartment until he worked in the KGB of the USSR. Having already become president, Putin said that from childhood he was fond of Soviet films about intelligence officers and dreamed of working in state security agencies. He spoke with gratitude about the opportunities for formation and development that the Soviet government provided to the young man in those years.​

In 1960-1965, Vladimir Putin studied at eight-year school No. 193. After that, he entered secondary school No. 281 (a special school with a chemical bias based on a technological institute), from which he graduated in 1970.​

In 1970-1975 he studied at the international department of the law faculty of Leningrad State University (LSU). At Leningrad State University he joined the CPSU. He did not leave this party, banned in 1991. During his studies, he first met Anatoly Sobchak, at that time an associate professor at Leningrad State University. Diploma topic - "Principle of the most favored nation"

(supervisor L. N. Galenskaya, Department of International Law).

Service in the KGB

In 1975 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of Leningrad State University. According to the distribution, he was sent to work in the State Security Committee. In 1975 he graduated from the "Operational Staff Training Course" at Okhta ("School 401"), certified as a junior officer (senior lieutenant of justice) in the system of territorial bodies of the KGB of the USSR.​
After 1977, he worked as a counterintelligence officer in the investigative department of the Leningrad Directorate of the KGB. In 1979, he completed a six-month retraining course at the Higher School of the KGB in Moscow and returned to Leningrad again.​
In 1984, with the rank of Major of Justice, he was seconded to study at the one-year faculty of the Red Banner. Yu. V. Andropov Institute of the KGB of the USSR, which he graduated in 1985 with a degree in Foreign Intelligence. In the KI of the KGB of the USSR, he bore the "school" surname Platov, was the headman of the educational department, and studied German.

In 1985-1990 he worked in the GDR. He served in the territorial intelligence point in Dresden under the cover of the post of director of the Dresden Friendship House of the USSR-GDR. During the business trip, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and to the position of senior assistant to the head of the department. In 1989 he was awarded the bronze medal "For Merit to the National People's Army of the GDR."
After completing his business trip abroad and returning to the USSR, according to Putin, he voluntarily refused to transfer to the central apparatus of foreign intelligence of the KGB of the USSR in Moscow. Again he returned to the staff of the first department (intelligence from the territory of the USSR) of the Leningrad KGB department.
According to Putin, after moving to work in the mayor's office of Leningrad, he twice submitted a report for dismissal from the KGB of the USSR. On August 20, 1991, during A. A. Sobchak's speech against the State Emergency Committee, Putin wrote a report on his dismissal from the KGB.

Work in St. Petersburg

From the beginning of the spring of 1990, the main official place of his work was the Leningrad State University (LSU) named after. A. A. Zhdanova. At Leningrad State University, Putin became an assistant to the rector Stanislav Merkuriev for international affairs.​
Merkuriev later recommended Anatoly Sobchak Putin as an executive worker.​
Since May 1990 - Advisor to the Chairman of the Leningrad City Council Sobchak.
From June 12, 1991, after the election of A. A. Sobchak to the post of mayor, he was the chairman of the committee for external relations of the St. Petersburg mayor's office. Putin's responsibilities as head of the committee included issues of attracting investment to St. Petersburg, cooperation with foreign companies, and organizing joint ventures. Putin was the curator of the organization of the first currency exchange in St. Petersburg and contributed to the arrival of several large German firms in the city. With the participation of Putin, one of the first banks with foreign capital in Russia, BNP-Drezdner Bank (Rossija), was opened. Putin was one of the organizers of the Russian-American Goodwill Games, at the same time he met a major American media businessman, Ted Turner.​
Since 1993, the head of the city of Sobchak, during his foreign trips, began to leave Putin as his deputy instead of himself.

In March 1994, he was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the Government of St. Petersburg, retaining the position of Head of the Foreign Relations Committee. Putin's duties as deputy chairman of the St. Petersburg government included coordinating the work and interaction of the mayor's office with territorial bodies of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies (GUVD, Ministry of Defense, FSB, prosecutor's office, courts, Customs Committee), as well as political and public organizations. Putin was in charge of the registration chamber, as well as the departments of the mayor's office: justice, public relations, administrative bodies, hotels.​
In 1995, he headed the regional branch of the NDR party.​
In addition to the Foreign Relations Committee, Putin headed the mayor's office commission on operational issues.​
Subsequently, many of those who, together with Putin, worked in the mayor's office of St. Petersburg (I. I. Sechin, D. A. Medvedev, V. A. Zubkov, A. L. Kudrin, A. B. Miller, G. O. Gref, D.N. Kozak, V.P. Ivanov, S.E. Naryshkin, V.L. Mutko, etc.), in the 2000s, they occupied responsible positions in the Russian government, the presidential administration of Russia and the management of state-owned companies.

In 1992, a deputy working group of the Lensoviet headed by Marina Salier and Yuri Gladkov (the so-called "Salier Commission") accused Putin as the head of the committee on foreign economic relations of fraud in connection with the program of supplying St. Petersburg with food in exchange for raw materials. According to Putin himself, in fact, the Salie commission did not conduct any investigation, and “there was nothing and no one to prosecute in a criminal order.” According to Putin, some of the Lensoviet deputies tried to use this scandal to influence Sobchak so that he fired him.
In June 2008, during the police detention of a number of Russian citizens in Spain, the attention of some media was again drawn to earlier publications on Putin's ties in the 1990s with the alleged head of the "Tambovskaya" organized criminal group Vladimir Kumarin, who was arrested in August 2007 for accused of leading this criminal group and subsequently convicted.

Job in Moscow

In three years, Putin has gone from Deputy Presidential Affairs Manager to Secretary of the Security Council.​
Director of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin. 1998
Since August 1996, after the defeat of Anatoly Sobchak in the gubernatorial elections, he was invited to work in Moscow as Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the President of the Russian Federation Pavel Borodin. Here, Putin oversaw the legal department and the management of Russian foreign property.​
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On March 26, 1997, he was appointed Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Russia - Head of the Main Control Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, replacing A. L. Kudrin in this post.​
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According to Putin, the results of an audit conducted by the Main Control Directorate related to the implementation of a defense order became one of the reasons for the resignation of Russian Defense Minister Igor Rodionov in May 1997.

In 1997, Putin, as head of the Main Control Directorate, instructed a special commission to check the effectiveness of the Russian fisheries. As a result of the work of the commission, it turned out: “The catch in 1997 of 6,500 tons of sockeye salmon by Japanese vessels using the drift net method (prohibited by the Resolution of the UN General Assembly since 1991) and 3,300 tons of this type of fish by Russian vessels operating under scientific programs led to overfishing of Ozernovskaya sockeye salmon and actually put on the verge of bankruptcy onshore enterprises of the Kamchatka region, exploiting its reserves. After the completion of the work of the commission, in accordance with its conclusions, the boundaries of the fishing areas were changed, and over the next decade, the catch of sockeye salmon increased several times - from 2,500 to 20,000 tons.​
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On May 25, 1998, he was appointed First Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, responsible for work with the regions. By the time of his appointment, he was considered one of the most influential figures in the Kremlin.

On July 25, 1998, the Director of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Putin appointed Generals Nikolai Patrushev, Viktor Cherkesov and Sergei Ivanov as his deputies, whom he knew from his work in the KGB and in St. Petersburg. In the fall of 1998, Putin reorganized the FSB. During Putin's tenure as head of the FSB, he abolished the FSB departments for economic counterintelligence and for counterintelligence support of strategic facilities, and created six new FSB departments in their place. He achieved uninterrupted financing of the FSB, as well as an increase in the salaries of FSB employees (in this respect they were equated with employees of the SVR and FAPSI). Prior to his appointment as director of the FSB, President Yeltsin offered Putin to promote him to the rank of major general, but Putin refused, offering to become the first civilian director of the FSB.​
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On March 26, 1999, Putin was appointed Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, retaining the post of head of the FSB.​
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By the beginning of May 1999, President Yeltsin had decided to transfer his power to Putin. On August 5, at a meeting with Putin, Yeltsin announced that he wanted to appoint him as the country's prime minister.

Defense of the thesis

In 1997, he defended his Ph.D. thesis in economics entitled "Strategic planning for the reproduction of the mineral resource base of the region in the conditions of the formation of market relations (St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region)" at the St. Petersburg State Mining Institute. In his dissertation, he expressed the idea of ​​national champions. Subsequently, this idea became one of the hallmarks of Putin's policy. The scientific adviser was Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Vladimir Fedoseev, a well-known specialist in the field of economics of mineral raw materials.​
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In 2005, researchers at the Brookings Institution of Washington stated that 16 of the 20 pages that begin the main body of Putin's Ph.D. dissertation are an exact reproduction or close to the text of the article "Strategic Planning and Politics" by professors William King and David Cleland, published in 1978 . According to the researchers, six diagrams and graphs from Putin's work almost completely coincide with the American ones. In the academic circles of St. Petersburg, the statements of the Brookings Institution were disavowed. It was also stated in the foreign press that even then Putin formulated the foundations of his future policy. In Russia, information about plagiarism in Putin's dissertation did not go beyond the Internet publications and the Vlast magazine.​

Prime Minister (August - December 1999)

On August 9, 1999, he was appointed First Deputy and Acting Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. On the same day, in his televised address, President Yeltsin named him his successor. On August 16, 1999, he was approved as Chairman of the Government by 233 votes of deputies of the State Duma (84 against and 17 abstained).​
Putin's appointment as prime minister coincided with the start of a large-scale operation by federal forces in Dagestan against militants who had invaded Dagestan. Putin led this operation, acting as an energetic organizer. By September 15, the militants were completely driven out of Dagestan.​
According to the historian A. Barsenkov, Vladimir Putin acted as a person "capable of morally and psychologically uniting the Russians, who began to associate with the young prime minister hopes for the restoration of stability, order and a gradual improvement in life." The growth of Putin's popularity was evidenced by the success of the new political movement "Unity" supported by him, which, following the results of the elections to the State Duma, gained 23.3% of the vote, taking second place.​
On December 30, 1999, Putin's program article "Russia at the Turn of the Millennium" was published in a number of Russian publications, in which he outlined his vision of the past and the challenges ahead for the country. According to Putin, Russia needs strong state power and the consolidation of society. Touching upon economic problems, he stated the need for a policy aimed at combating poverty, ensuring the growth of the population's well-being and increasing the efficiency of the Russian economy.

First and second presidential terms (2000-2008)

On December 31, 1999, in connection with the early resignation of Yeltsin, Putin becomes acting president of the Russian Federation. At 11 a.m. that day, in the office of the President of Russia in the Kremlin, Yeltsin, in the presence of Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia, handed over his powers to Putin. At the same time, Putin received an Orthodox blessing from the Patriarch for the forthcoming work on governing the country. At 12 noon, having urgently interrupted the broadcast, the TV channels broadcast Yeltsin's New Year's address, in which he announced his resignation and the appointment of a successor. On the same day, Putin was given the symbols of presidential power, including the “nuclear suitcase”. The first state act signed by Putin in the post of acting. about. President of the Russian Federation, was the decree "On Guarantees to the President of the Russian Federation, who has ceased to exercise his powers, and to members of his family." The decree provided former Russian presidents (only Yeltsin at that time) with immunity guarantees.

Since March 26, 2000, the elected President of Russia. Assumed office May 7, 2000.​
In May 2000, he appointed Mikhail Kasyanov to the post of Prime Minister of Russia.
On February 24, 2004, he dismissed the Kasyanov government, calling his work "generally satisfactory." Mikhail Fradkov became the new Prime Minister.​
On March 14, 2004, he was elected President of the Russian Federation for a second term. Assumed office May 7, 2004.​
On September 12, 2007, he dismissed the Fradkov government, appointing Viktor Zubkov as head of government.​
On May 7, 2008, he transferred power to the elected president, the former head of his administration, Dmitry Medvedev. A few days earlier, Putin had been ranked #2 on Time's list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.

Domestic policy

The first major reform in the constitutional and political system of the country was the change in the procedure for the formation of the Federation Council, carried out in August 2000, as a result of which the governors and heads of the legislature of the regions, who had previously been members of the Federation Council ex officio, were replaced by appointed representatives; the latter must work in the Federation Council on a permanent and professional basis (in this case, one of them is appointed by the governor, and the second - by the legislature of the region). As some compensation for the lobbying opportunities lost by the governors, an advisory body was created - the State Council.​
A few days after the terrorist attack in Beslan in September 2004, Putin announced his intention to cancel the elections of heads of regions, motivating this step with the aim of strengthening the fight against terrorism. According to one of the VTsIOM polls, this was done contrary to the opinion of 48% of the respondents. A transition was also made to the election of deputies of the State Duma exclusively on party lists. The territorial representation in the State Duma was abolished, half of the members of the Federation Council began to be appointed by governors, who in turn were appointed by the president.​

In December 2003, following the results of the elections to the State Duma, the pro-presidential United Russia party won the majority of seats (with Boris Gryzlov becoming chairman of the State Duma). The second, third and fourth places were taken by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party and the Motherland bloc, respectively. Having won the elections and accepted into its membership the majority of independent deputies who passed through single-mandate districts, all deputies from the People's Party and "defectors" from other parties, United Russia received a constitutional majority, which allowed it to confidently overcome the resistance of opposition parties when voting.​
In the spring of 2005, a law was adopted on elections to the State Duma exclusively on party lists. Then the State Duma adopted amendments to federal legislation, allowing the party that won the elections to the regional parliament to propose to the President of Russia their candidacy for the governor's post. In the overwhelming majority of regions, this right belonged to United Russia. The process of governors joining the party of power assumed a massive character. At the beginning of 2007, 70 out of 86 leaders of Russian regions were members of the party. Top managers of large industrial enterprises, heads of state universities and their structural subdivisions, top officials of federal and regional authorities were also members of United Russia.

The personnel policy of the Presidential Administration under Putin was characterized by the appointment to responsible positions of numerous former fellow students of Putin at the university, colleagues in the GDR and in the special services, colleagues from work in the former Leningrad - and, in general, representatives of the "St. Petersburg team".​
In February 2006, Vladislav Surkov, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, put forward the concept of sovereign democracy, which, in the interpretation of its author, is that the president's policy should, first of all, be supported by the majority of the population in Russia itself; this support of the majority constitutes the main principle of a democratic society.

Second Chechen War

In 1999, after the resumption of the active armed phase of the struggle against Chechen separatism, several terrorist acts were carried out in Russia, which led to mass casualties (see Explosions of residential buildings in Russia).​
On September 30, 1999, in an interview with journalists, Putin promised that there would be no new Chechen war. He also stated that "combat operations are already underway, our troops entered the territory of Chechnya several times, two weeks ago they occupied the dominant heights, liberated them, and so on." As Putin said, “We need to be patient and do this job - to completely clear the territory of terrorists. If this work is not done today, they will return, and all the sacrifices made will be in vain. On the same day, tank units of the Russian army from the Stavropol Territory and Dagestan entered the territory of the Naursky and Shelkovsky regions of Chechnya.

On October 23, 2002, Chechen terrorists seized the audience (about 800 people) of the musical "Nord-Ost" in the building of the Theater Center on Dubrovka (Moscow). 4 days after the capture of Nord-Ost, an operation was carried out using special gases to put the terrorists to sleep. As a result of the operation to free the hostages, all the terrorists were killed and most of the hostages were released. Died from 130 (official data) to 174 (according to the public organization "Nord-Ost") people. ​
On October 27, 2002, the chief doctor of Moscow, Andrei Seltsovsky, said, speaking of the gas used during the assault, that "they do not die in their pure form from the use of such special equipment." According to Seltsovsky, exposure to a special gas only exacerbated a number of destructive factors that the hostages were subjected to under the conditions created by the terrorists (stressful situation, physical inactivity, lack of food, etc.). In addition, two hostages died from gunshot wounds. The authorities refused to disclose the composition of the gas, saying that "this information is a state secret." Some former hostages and relatives of the victims later made claims against the authorities regarding the course of negotiations, the release operation, the provision of assistance and investigation, and a number of other circumstances; the authorities were accused of not being concerned about the safety of the hostages, but taking all measures to conceal the true circumstances of the operation and the loss of life.

The regional public organization "Nord-Ost" filed a lawsuit against Putin, accusing him of lying, but the Russian courts did not accept the lawsuit.​
In 2003, explosions followed on 1st Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street in Moscow and at the Wings rock festival in Tushino (Moscow).​
On February 6, 2004, there was an explosion in the Moscow metro. 43 people died. On May 9, a bomb exploded at the Dynamo stadium in Grozny, killing the President of the Chechen Republic, Akhmat Kadyrov.​
Terrorist attacks continued with the June 22 attack on the Ingush cities of Nazran and Karabulak, the explosions of two Tu-154 and Tu-134 aircraft on August 24, and the explosion near the Rizhskaya metro station in Moscow on August 31.​
On September 1, 2004, school number 1 in Beslan was seized by Chechen terrorists. As a result of the events connected with this capture, 331 people died, including 318 hostages, of which 186 were children. 728 hostages and residents of Beslan, as well as 55 FSB special forces, police and military personnel were injured.​
In 2010, after a period of calm, terrorist attacks again took place in Moscow, which had a Caucasian trace: on March 29, suicide bombers blew themselves up at the Lubyanka and Park Kultury metro stations, as a result of which 41 people died and 88 were injured.​
On January 24, 2011, there was a terrorist attack at Domodedovo Airport, which killed 37 people, and injured 173 more.​
In October and December 2013, with the participation of suicide bombers, a series of terrorist attacks took place in Volgograd, the traces of which led to the bandit underground in the North Caucasus.

Judicial reform

In 2000, Putin created a working group to improve legislation in the judiciary. The following year, Putin signed several key laws aimed at reforming the judiciary, the most important of which are: “On the Status of Judges in the Russian Federation”, “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation”, “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation” and “On Advocacy and Advocacy in RF".​
In December 2001, Putin signed the new Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The new Code of Criminal Procedure had a number of fundamental differences from the old one, in particular, giving additional rights to the accused and victims. So, all the participants in the trial were united in two groups - accusatory and defensive. According to the new code, a search, detention and arrest of a person suspected of committing a crime can only be carried out with the sanction of a court, and a criminal case can be initiated only with the sanction of a prosecutor. In court, the accused was given the opportunity to defend not only lawyers, but also other persons, in particular, relatives of the accused.

In July 2002, Putin signed the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. On November 14 of the same year, Putin signed the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. According to the code, the consideration of disputes between companies was now only within the competence of the arbitration court. Thus, the new law eliminated the possibility of “double” judicial practice in economic disputes, that is, it became impossible to consider economic disputes simultaneously in courts of general jurisdiction and in arbitration courts in the same cases. The jurisdiction of civil cases to courts of general jurisdiction was also clearly defined.​
In June 2007, Putin signed a law establishing an Investigative Committee under the Prosecutor's Office, thus effectively separating the investigating authorities from the prosecutor's office. Later, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation was completely separated from the prosecutor's office into an independent federal agency.​
On June 21, 2013, Putin proposed to merge the Supreme and Supreme Arbitration Courts of the Russian Federation, which requires amendments to the Russian Constitution.

During Putin's presidency, he was accused of suppressing independent media. In particular, the so-called. the cases of NTV and TV-6, the closure of TVS, the closure of independent newspapers or the change of their owners. Several journalists have been killed during Putin's presidency, and Russia was ranked 144 out of 173 countries in the Reporters Without Borders "freedom rating" as of 2008.​
Vladimir Pozner draws attention to the fact that none of the journalists was imprisoned during Putin's presidency.​
By Putin's third presidential term, in January 2013, Russia had dropped to 148th out of 179 countries in the Press Freedom Index compiled by the international organization Reporters Without Borders. The main reasons for this are the obstruction of objective coverage of opposition demonstrations, the tightening of the law on libel and the creation of a black list of Internet sites.

On April 8, 2013, he signed a law on liability for the publication of obscene language in the media, which allows to close a media outlet for the repeated use of profanity. The Union of Journalists of Russia described the law as “the death penalty for the media.”​
In December 2013, the chairman of the Public Chamber of the Moscow Region, Pavel Gusev, was forced to leave his post due to the publication in MK of A. Minkin's article "Gracious Sovereign", dedicated to Putin's pardon of businessman Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The article was removed from the newspaper's website, but became a Runet hit.

Formation of youth organizations supporting Putin's policies
During Putin's presidency, a number of youth organizations were created, the key points of whose programs are the preservation of the sovereignty and integrity of Russia, the modernization of the country and the formation of a functioning civil society. Putin met regularly during his presidency with Nashi. Some of the activities of these youth organizations have drawn sharp criticism from the press and the political opposition.​

The situation of national minorities

In the opinion expressed in 2004 by Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, Putin's presidency has seen an increase in chauvinism and racism, that critics, including the public Committee for the Protection of Freedom of Conscience (led by Gleb Yakunin), blame the authorities, accusing them of connivance propaganda of violence and hatred towards national minorities, LGBT minorities and certain groups of people.​
In 2007, Putin signed the 309th law, which abolished the regional component of education in secondary schools, which included the teaching of the second state languages ​​of some national republics on a mandatory basis for all students of these republics.

The sinking of the submarine "Kursk"
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The death of the submarine caused criticism not only of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, but also of the president himself. On August 12, 2000, explosions occurred on board the submarine, in which 118 people died. There are suggestions that several people may have survived the explosion and tried to call for help. Rescuers failed to rescue the sailors from the sunken submarine, and they died. Official sources did not immediately report the disaster. The rescue operation began only a day later: on August 13 at 18.30 Moscow time. According to Novaya Gazeta, for a long time the command of the Navy refused foreign aid, assuring that they were able to cope on their own. Vladimir Putin authorized the command of the Navy to attract foreign aid only four days after the disaster, on August 16, 2000.​
On August 14, Putin instructed to investigate the causes of the death of the Kursk, for which a Government Commission was created, headed by Deputy Prime Minister I. I. Klebanov.​
As a result of the investigation into the causes of the death of the Kursk, "for serious omissions in the organization of the daily and combat training activities of the fleet" 15 admirals and officers of the Northern Fleet and the main command of the Navy, including the commander of the Northern Fleet Vyacheslav Popov, were removed from their posts.

Economic development

Summing up the economic results of Putin's tenure as president of Russia (2000-2008), The Wall Street Journal wrote: "The economy has not only regained all the ground lost in the 1990s, but also created a viable service sector that practically did not exist in the Soviet period. Russia has accumulated the third largest gold and foreign exchange reserve after China and Japan.” President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao noted in 2007: “In recent years, under the leadership of President Putin, in the conditions of socio-political stability, the country's economy has been developing rapidly. The life of the population is improving every day.” The chief economist of the World Bank for Russia in March 2008 stated that Russia, against the backdrop of a slowdown in global economic growth, is showing good results. As the economist noted, Russia can be considered one of the islands of economic stability in the world, which reflects the quality of macroeconomic policy, growth in domestic demand, accumulated gold and foreign exchange reserves and the Stabilization Fund.

In the Russian economy, GDP growth was noted (in 2000 - 10%, in 2001 - 5.7%, in 2002 - 4.9%, in 2003 - 7.3%, in 2004 - 7.2%, in 2005 - 6, 4%, in 2006 - 7.7%, in 2007 - 8.1%, in 2008 - 5.6%), industrial and agricultural production, construction, real incomes of the population. There was a decrease in the number of people living below the poverty level (from 29% in 2000 to 18% in 2004), an increase in consumer lending (in 2000-2006, the growth was 45 times). From 1999 to 2007, the production index of the manufacturing industries increased by 77%, including the production of machinery and equipment - by 91%, textile and clothing production - by 46%, food production - by 64%.​
The human development index in Russia increased from 0.691 (2000) to 0.725 (2005), thus, according to this indicator, Russia entered the list of countries with a high level of human development. At the same time, according to the results of international comparisons, Russia dropped from 57th place (2004 report) to 67th (2007 report, data for 2005). From 1999 to 2007, the average life expectancy of the population of Russia increased from 65.9 to 67.5 years.

In the 1990s, the level of taxation in Russia was overestimated and unacceptable for business entities, despite the constant tightening of tax legislation, a significant part of the economy was the shadow sector, companies and enterprises continued to massively evade taxes, including through the so-called "tax optimization" , the payment of salaries "in envelopes" was actively practiced. In the 2000s, Putin signed a series of laws that amended tax laws. In 2001, a flat personal income tax rate of 13% was established, with Putin stipulating that such a measure would only be in effect for 10 years. In addition, the income tax rate was reduced to 24%, a regressive scale of the unified social tax was introduced, turnover taxes and sales tax were abolished, and the total number of taxes was reduced by 3.6 times (from 54 to 15). The system of taxation of the raw materials sector was also radically changed: the mechanism of export duties was reconfigured and a tax on the extraction of minerals was introduced, which made it possible to increase the share of oil and gas rent captured by the state budget from less than 40% in 2000 to 84% in 2005. In 2006, Deputy Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation Sergey Shatalov stated that during the period of tax reform, the tax burden decreased from 34-35% to 27.5%, and the tax burden was also redistributed to the oil sector. The tax reform also increased tax collection and stimulated economic growth. The tax reform is regarded by experts as one of Putin's most serious successes.

In October 2001, Putin signed the new Land Code of the Russian Federation, which fixed the ownership of land (except for agricultural land) and determined the mechanism for its purchase and sale. In July of the following year, Putin signed the federal law "On the turnover of agricultural land", which authorized the sale and purchase of agricultural land.​
In a message to the Federal Assembly in early 2001, Putin noted that the current Labor Code, adopted back in 1971, is archaic and does not meet modern requirements, stimulating shadow labor relations. At the end of 2001, Putin signed the new Labor Code, which came into force on February 1 of the following year. According to the Economic Expert Group, the new code brought labor legislation “in line with the requirements of a market economy” and ensured “more efficient use and increased mobility of labor resources.”​
A number of other socio-economic reforms were carried out: pension (2002), banking (2001-2004), monetization of benefits (2005), electricity and railway transport.​
In his presidential address to the Federal Assembly in 2003, Putin set the task of making the Russian ruble convertible for current and capital transactions. By July 1, 2006, this task was completed.

In May 2003, in his Budget Address to the Federal Assembly, Putin set the task of creating the Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2004, the Stabilization Fund was formed. The main purpose of creating the fund was to ensure the stability of the country's economic development.​
In 2005, Putin announced the start of the implementation of four priority national projects in the socio-economic sphere: "Health", "Education", "Housing" and "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". In January 2008, Putin said that national projects are more effective than other state programs. In his opinion, this result was achieved due to the concentration of administrative and political resources.​
In his presidential address to the Federal Assembly in 2006, Putin announced measures to stimulate the birth rate in Russia: an increase in child benefits, the introduction of "maternity capital", etc.
In his presidential address to the Federal Assembly in 2007, Putin identified nanotechnology as one of the priority areas for the development of science and technology and proposed the establishment of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation, which was done in July 2007.​
There has been a significant increase in foreign investment in Russia, from $11 billion in 2000 to $115 billion in 2010. The outflow of capital from Russia, which averaged $10-20 billion in the 1990s, was replaced by its inflow and amounted to a record $81 billion in 2007.​
In February 2008, experts interviewed by RBC daily positively assessed the results of eight years of economic development under Putin.​
According to the US State Department, the Russian economy grew in 1999-2008 due to the devaluation of the ruble, the implementation of key economic reforms (tax, banking, labor and land), tight fiscal policy, and favorable commodity prices.

An American professor who previously studied the economy of the USSR, Marshall Goldman, in early 2008, to characterize the economic model built under Putin, created the term “petrostate” (“oil state”): Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia. In his book, the professor argued that Putin's main personal contribution to economic policy was the creation of "national champions" (large state-controlled companies) and the renationalization of major energy assets, which resulted in the creation of a new class of oligarchs, whom he calls "silogarhs" (from the term "silovik").
In December 2008, economist Anders Aslund stated that Putin's main project was "the development of huge, unmanageable state mastodons called 'national champions'" and that the latter "strangled large sectors of the economy through their inertia and corruption, while hindering diversification." From 2001 to 2004, the share of small enterprises in Russia's GDP doubled, and in 2007 their number exceeded one million. The share of small and medium-sized enterprises in the production of Russian GDP as of 2009 is 21%.​
Speaking on March 2, 2009 at the Strategy 2020 forum, Vladislav Surkov, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration, speaking about the deep recession that Russia entered at the end of 2008 and the origins of the growth that preceded it, said: “<…>when they tell me that America is to blame for everything, I want to remind you that our economic growth is a derivative of the bubble that the Americans inflated. We didn't deserve this growth."

The American magazine Time named President Putin the Person of the Year 2007. Thus, the Russian leader bypassed former US Vice President Al Gore among other contenders. “Putin has shown exceptional skill in leading the country, which he took in a state of chaos and led to stability,” said Richard Stengel, executive secretary of the Times magazine.​
By the beginning of Putin's presidency in 2000, 30% of Russian citizens lived below the poverty line; by 2013, the proportion of those living below the poverty line had fallen to 11.2%. The fight against poverty in March 2013 proclaimed one of the fundamental tasks. Against this background, the indexation of pensions, carried out in April 2013 (by an average of 300 rubles), caused dissatisfaction among pensioners. Thus, elderly women from the Chelyabinsk region sent Putin their pension supplements with the wish "to deny themselves nothing," this resonant event was reported by Radio Liberty, the Trud newspaper, a number of news agencies and Internet media.​
March 29, 2013 signed a decree establishing the title of Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation.​
In April 2013, Putin acknowledged that the situation in the Russian economy, despite high energy prices, was deteriorating: investment activity and export volumes were declining, unemployment and capital outflows were rising. The powerful flooding in the Far East that began in the summer, Putin said, was a heavy burden on the state budget, a disaster on such a scale that Russia had never experienced in its history.

On April 15, 2013, Putin's ally and friend, former Russian Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin admitted that the Russian authorities were seriously late with economic reforms.​
On November 6, 2013, it became known that Putin increased the salary of State Duma deputies to 400,000 rubles a month.​
Commenting on Putin's message to the Federal Assembly in December 2013, the German magazine Der Spiegel notes that Russian society has entered a phase of stagnation, and many "come to mind of the crisis of Soviet society at the end of the reign of Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev."

Fighting corruption and assessing changes in its level

By 1999, the last year of Yeltsin's presidency, Russia was one of the most corrupt countries in the world. In the ranking of the international agency Transparency International for 1999 in terms of the corruption perception index, Russia shared 82-83rd places with Ecuador out of 99 countries considered.​
In the 2000s, Russia joined a number of international agreements to combat corruption. So, at the end of 2005, Putin submitted to the State Duma a federal law on the ratification of the UN Convention against Corruption of October 31, 2003. In March 2006, he signed this law, and thus the Convention was ratified. The Convention creates the basis for the interaction of law enforcement agencies of various states in the fight against corruption, and also establishes a number of standards in anti-corruption policy. In July 2006, Putin signed a federal law ratifying the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption.

In the early years of Putin's presidency, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), calculated by the international agency Transparency International, grew (the higher this index, the less corruption from the point of view of domestic and foreign experts). So, if in 2000 it was 2.1 points, then in 2002 - 2.7 points, in 2004 - 2.8 points. Then there was a decrease in the CPI, which by 2007 dropped to 2.3 points. In 2008-2010, it fluctuated in the range of 2.1-2.2 points. And in 2011 it rose again to 2.4 points. According to data published in September 2007, in the Corruption Perceptions Index, Russia has moved to the bottom of the list by 17 points over the last year of Putin's presidency (143rd place in the world). In the CIS, according to the agency, the situation with corruption was worse only in Azerbaijan and all of Central Asia. In 2010, in the Corruption Perceptions Index, Russia dropped to 154th place in the world. In 2011, Russia rose to 143rd place. This index does not reflect the level of corruption in objective terms (for example, the amount of corrupt funds). It has been criticized for biased selection of experts, as well as what could be a self-fulfilling prophecy.​
According to surveys conducted by the Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INP RAS), corruption pressure on Russian enterprises in the 2000s decreased compared to its level in the 1990s. ​
There is an opinion that during Putin's presidency the level of corruption has increased in comparison with Yeltsin's presidency. According to a study by the INDEM Foundation, for 2001-2005. the volume of corruption in the sphere of relations between government and business has increased almost 10 times (from 33.5 to 316 billion dollars, which exceeds the expenditures of the federal budget of Russia in 2005), domestic corruption has increased 4 times, and the average size of a bribe has increased from 10.2 thousand dollars to 135.8 thousand dollars for the same period.

In February 2008, SPS party leader B. Nemtsov and former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia V. Milov published a report “Putin. Outcomes, which argued that one of the most negative outcomes of Putin's presidency was a significant increase in corruption. This topic was developed in several more reports: “Putin. Results. 10 years” (published by the Solidarity movement in June 2010) and “Putin. Corruption” (published by the People's Freedom Party in March 2011, among the authors is also politician V. Ryzhkov). In August 2012, B. Nemtsov, in collaboration with L. Martynyuk, presented the report “The life of a galley slave. Palaces, yachts, cars, planes and other accessories.”​
According to Rosstat, the number of registered crimes in the category of “bribery” increased from 7 thousand in 2000 to 13.1 thousand in 2009. However, then their number began to decline, and by 2011 it dropped to 11.0 thousand. In 2012, the decline continued.​
Some Western businessmen claimed that they experienced difficulties in doing business in Russia due to a number of legislative restrictions and actions of officials. According to Sergei Mitrokhin, in the second term of Putin's presidency, the topic of "state raiding" has become relevant.​
On the other hand, there are contrary statements: for example, John Chambers, president and CEO of the American multinational company Cisco Systems, stated in early 2012: It is now much easier to do business in the UK, Canada, Russia - which I never thought of I will say so - or China.

According to Novaya Gazeta, there was no investigation of corruption in the 1990s, including allegations of embezzlement of the IMF tranche (loan) in August 1998 ($4.782 billion), and international investigations are being sabotaged. In particular, according to critics, this was manifested in how actively the Russian leadership came out in 2001 in defense of the former Kremlin manager Pavel Borodin, who was accused by US and Swiss justice of money laundering and all sorts of fraud.​
In March 2011, Putin announced the need to introduce a rule requiring state officials to report on their expenses. The relevant law (“On Controlling the Correspondence of Expenditures of Persons Holding State Positions and Other Persons with Their Income”) was signed by Putin in early December 2012.​
According to a study by the British auditing company Ernst & Young, conducted in the spring of 2012, in 2011 corruption risks in Russia have significantly decreased and in many respects have become below the global average. More than 1,500 top managers of the largest companies from 43 countries of the world took part in the Ernst & Young study. So, if in 2011 39% of managers surveyed in Russia stated the need to give bribes in cash to protect business or achieve corporate benefits, then in 2012 this figure was 16%.​
In April 2013, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted a law introduced by Putin prohibiting officials, deputies, judges, law enforcement officers from having bank accounts and financial assets abroad; real estate abroad is allowed to have, but it must be declared without fail.

Foreign policy

In June 2000, Putin approved the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation by decree. According to this document, the main goals of the country's foreign policy are: ensuring reliable security of the country, influencing global processes in order to form a stable, fair and democratic world order, creating favorable external conditions for the progressive development of Russia, forming a belt of good neighborliness along the perimeter of Russian borders, seeking agreement and coinciding interests with foreign countries and interstate associations in the process of solving problems determined by Russia's national priorities, protecting the rights and interests of Russian citizens and compatriots abroad, promoting a positive perception of the Russian Federation in the world.

In 2000-2007, Putin took part in the G8 (G8) summits in Okinawa (Japan, 2000), Genoa (Italy, 2001), Kananaskis (Canada, 2002), Evian (France, 2003), Sea Island (USA, 2004), Gleneagles (UK, 2005), St. Petersburg (Russia, 2006) and Heiligendamm (Germany, 2007). On September 6-8, 2000, Putin participated in the Millennium Summit (officially called the UN in the 21st century) in New York. In June 2001, Putin met for the first time with US President George W. Bush (Jr.) in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia.​
During the presidential elections in Ukraine at the end of 2004, the Russian authorities supported Viktor Yanukovych, a candidate from the Party of Regions of Ukraine, who advocated economic cooperation with Russia within the framework of the Common Economic Space (CES) and giving the Russian language the status of a second state language.​
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On October 14, 2004, during a visit to Beijing, Putin signed an agreement on the transfer of the Tarabarov Island and half of the Big Ussuri Island (337 km² in total) to the PRC; at the same time, the process of demarcation of the border in this disputed area was launched. The territory of the disputed islands was divided between the two countries.

On April 25, 2005, in his Address to the Federal Assembly, Putin called the collapse of the USSR the biggest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century and called on society to consolidate in the matter of arranging a new democratic Russia. On May 9, 2005, during the celebrations on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, Putin and other world leaders called for the fight against "Nazism of the 21st century" - terrorism and thanked the victors of fascism. In September 2005, Putin took part in the commemorative celebrations on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the UN. In 2006, Russia chaired the Group of Eight (Big Eight). On June 7, 2007, Putin signed Federal Law No. 99 “On Ratification of the Agreement between the States Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and Other States Participating in the Partnership for Peace Program on the Status of the Force of June 19, 1995 and its Additional Protocol”, which some was considered "opening the borders for NATO soldiers." A number of figures and organizations blame Putin for what they believe to be the weakening of Russia's geopolitical positions, the transfer of half of the disputed islands to China, the slow pace of modernization of the army, and the closure of military bases in Cuba and Vietnam.​
In 2010, in an article in the German newspaper Sueddeutsche Zeitung, timed to take part in the annual economic forum, he suggested that Europe create an economic alliance on the territory from Vladivostok to Lisbon. As steps towards the creation of an alliance, the possible unification of customs tariffs and technical regulation, the abolition of the visa regime with the EU were indicated.​
On April 1, 2013, with the aim of broader socio-cultural interaction with foreign countries, he instructed to work out at the federal level the issue of making the philosopher Immanuel Kant a symbol of the Kaliningrad region. The decision was motivated by the fact that Kant's treatise "Toward Perpetual Peace" was the first attempt to justify the unification of Europe after the Seven Years' War, and the figure of the philosopher is symbolic for all of Europe.

In August 2013, Russian-American relations, according to experts, reached their lowest point since the end of the Cold War era. US President Obama's September visit to Moscow and his talks with Putin were canceled due to temporary asylum in Russia for former CIA officer Edward Snowden, controversy over the situation in Syria, and human rights concerns in Russia.​
On September 11, 2013, The New York Times published Putin's article "Russia Calls for Caution", written as an open letter to the American people, containing an explanation of the Russian political line regarding the Syrian conflict. In it, the President of Russia also warns of the danger of the thesis of US President Barack Obama "on the exceptionalism of the American nation." The article caused a mixed reaction from the world community.​
In 2013, Putin took first place in the annual ranking of the "most influential people in the world" by Forbes magazine. According to the compilers of the rating, Putin deserved the first place, since in 2013 he showed himself as "a dictator who actively demonstrated strength in his own country and in the international arena."

The world press has repeatedly noted the special friendly and informal relationship that links Putin with Silvio Berlusconi, who served three times as Prime Minister of Italy. Back in 2010, Berlusconi gained a reputation as "Putin's ambassador" to Europe, while the Le Monde newspaper noted the interweaving of friendly and commercial interests of Putin and Berlusconi, which, in particular, was reflected in the conclusion of Russian-Italian gas contracts. It was pointed out that both prime ministers are not only directly related, but also control the most important resources of their national economies; At the same time, in the use of resources, Putin and Berlusconi "are guided not only by considerations of profitability and commerce." Speaking about Putin's political influence on Berlusconi, the BBC Russian Service quoted an American diplomatic cable published by Wikileaks. The document stated that Berlusconi, when he was prime minister, was easily inferior to Russia in matters of big politics, tried "at any cost to be in Putin's favor and often expressed opinions directly suggested to him by Putin." It was also mentioned that Berlusconi was impressed by "Putin's macho, strong-willed and authoritarian style", and an indispensable attribute of the meeting between Silvio and Vladimir was the exchange of valuable gifts. In November 2013, when Berlusconi was already retired and convicted by an Italian court, Putin, who was in Rome on a state visit, visited an old friend in his house in private, and did this before meeting with the current Prime Minister E. Letta.

Military aspects of foreign policy

The admission in 2002 to NATO, contrary to the diplomatic efforts of Russia, of seven Eastern European countries, including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Putin perceived, according to Vedomosti, as a "personal betrayal" on the part of US President George W. Bush and the Prime Minister Great Britain Tony Blair, whom Putin at that time considered his friends and with whom he intensively forged partnerships. In Blair's memoirs, Putin's reaction to NATO expansion is characterized as resentful: "Vladimir has come to the conclusion that the Americans are not giving him the place he deserves." 12 years later, in the Crimean speech, Putin noted: “We were deceived over and over again, decisions were made behind our backs, we were presented with a fait accompli. So it was with the expansion of NATO to the East, with the deployment of military infrastructure near our borders. We were told the same thing all the time: “Well, this does not concern you.”
According to Putin himself, given by him at a press conference at the WTC on December 20, 2012, Russian-American relations deteriorated after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the disagreements that arose on this basis. Since the second half of the 2000s, in public speeches, including at an international forum in Munich, Putin has expressed dissatisfaction with the military aspects of American foreign policy and expressed fears about the “unrestrained, hypertrophied use of force” and the US imposing its vision of the world order on other states. . At the Munich Conference on Security Policy on February 10, 2007, Putin formulated objections to the deployment of American troops and elements of the American missile defense system in Eastern Europe, Poland and the Czech Republic, as well as to the militarization of space. Despite Putin's protests, it was not possible to halt American plans to deploy missile defense near Russia's borders in subsequent years. The deployment of the American missile defense system in Eastern Europe, according to Putin, threatens to nullify the Russian nuclear missile potential, which requires a response. In February 2012, as a response, preparations began in the Kaliningrad region for the deployment of Iskander 9K720 missile systems equipped with short-range ballistic missiles (up to 500 km). These missiles are capable of reaching the Polish Myshlenice (in a southerly direction), and in a western direction - to the Czech Sudetenland and Berlin.

On February 15, 2007, Putin made an unexpected decision to appoint a civilian official as Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, for the first time in the history of the Soviet and Russian Armed Forces. Appointing Anatoly Serdyukov, Putin explained that in the context of the implementation of the program for the development and rearmament of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, associated with the expenditure of huge budget funds, “we need a person with experience in the field of economics and finance.”​
In late 2006 - early 2007, Putin agreed and approved a plan for a forceful response in the event of Georgia's invasion of South Ossetia. On August 7 and 8, 2008, D. Medvedev and V. Putin made a joint decision to launch a military operation to force Georgia to peace.​
A new crack in Russian-American relations appeared in early 2011, when Prime Minister Putin compared the Western military operation in Libya to a crusade. At the same time, Putin criticized the UN Security Council resolution on Libya (on which Russia abstained, but did not use the right of veto), calling it "inferior and flawed." Information appeared in the press at the time about disagreements between Prime Minister Putin and President Medvedev on a key military-political issue, and Russia's position was described as "ambiguous." On February 4, 2012, when voting in the UN Security Council on a similar resolution on Syria, Russia used the right of veto.​
On November 6, 2012, Putin appointed Sergei Shoigu as Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. Upon appointment, he explained that the new Minister of Defense should be a person who "can ensure the implementation of the State Defense Order and grandiose plans for rearmament of the army."

In February-March 2013, on the orders of Putin, large-scale exercises were held twice in order to suddenly check the combat readiness and combat capability of the troops. First, on land, in order to check the troops stationed on the territory of the Central and Western military districts. Then the exercises were held on the Black Sea, Putin watched their progress at the scene. More than 7,100 military personnel were involved, about 30 ships based in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk, up to 250 armored vehicles, more than 50 artillery pieces, more than 20 combat aircraft and helicopters, rapid deployment troops, airborne troops and marines, special forces - special forces of the GRU of the General Staff of the Russian Federation . The press secretary of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief announced that the practice of unannounced inspections will be actively continued. Western states were not notified in advance of the exercises. On July 12, 2013, he issued an order to conduct a large-scale check of combat readiness in the troops of the Eastern Military District. This test was the largest since 1991. The exercises involved 80,000 military personnel, about 1,000 tanks and combat armored vehicles, 130 aircraft and helicopters of long-range, military transport, fighter, bomber and army aviation, as well as 70 ships and vessels of the Navy.​
In July 2014, during Putin's visit to Cuba, the Kommersant newspaper, citing several sources in the Russian government, reported that an agreement had been reached on the return of the Radio Electronic Center in Lourdes to Russia and the resumption of its activities. On July 17, Putin denied this information, emphasizing that Russia's defense capability could be ensured even without a center in Lourdes.

Head of the Government of the Russian Federation (2008-2012)​

On May 8, 2008, the day after Dmitry Medvedev's inauguration, Putin's candidacy was approved by the Duma for the post of chairman of the Russian government, and a decree was signed on his appointment. On May 12, Putin announced the composition of his new government.​
A number of senior officials from the Presidential Administration - Igor Shuvalov, Igor Sechin, Sergey Sobyanin - became Putin's deputies as Prime Minister.​
On May 27, 2008, Alexander Lukashenko, Chairman of the Supreme State Council of the Union State of Belarus and Russia, appointed Putin Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State.​
In mid-2008, Putin announced the need to create an international financial center (IFC) in Russia, for which, in his opinion, it is necessary to make significant changes in a number of areas to improve the country's financial system. A year later, Putin signed a decree approving a detailed action plan for the formation of the IFC, after which the active implementation of this plan began. The project to create an MFC, along with the modernization of the economy, has become one of the key government tasks.​
Since 2009, Putin has advocated closer economic integration with Kazakhstan and Belarus, resulting in the creation of the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. In the process of creating the Customs Union, a number of documents were adopted in the image and likeness of the EU, which removed the trade barriers that previously existed between the countries. The removal of trade barriers stimulates the development of business and allows the restoration of production chains that were broken after the collapse of the USSR. In August 2011, at a meeting of the heads of government of the three countries of the Customs Union, a more ambitious task was set - by 2013 to transform the organization into the "Eurasian Economic Union". Putin said after the meeting: “This is an event of truly great interstate and geopolitical significance. For the first time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the first real step has been taken to restore natural economic and trade ties in the post-Soviet space.”

In October 2011, the heads of government of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed an agreement on the creation of a free trade zone. On the day the treaty was signed, Putin said: “The adoption of the treaty will remove many barriers and take a new qualitative step towards the development of our economies. The creation of a free trade zone means that we will abolish export and import duties for entire groups of goods.”​
On April 8, 2010, Putin announced that by 2012 the state would allocate at least 38 billion rubles to support scientific research in universities.​
In November 2010, Putin took 4th place in the ranking of the most influential people in the world, compiled by the American magazine Forbes. In November 2011, in a similar Forbes rating, Putin already took 2nd place. The main achievement of Putin in 2011, the magazine called the idea of ​​creating a Eurasian Union by 2015 between Russia and a number of post-Soviet republics, including Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine.​
On September 24, 2011, at the congress of the United Russia party in Moscow, Putin gratefully agreed to run for president in the March 4, 2012 elections. The assembled standing greeted the candidate with a standing ovation. Putin expressed the hope that after his victory in the presidential elections, the Russian government will be headed by the current president of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.​
On February 19, 2013, he initiated the creation of a unified textbook on the history of Russia for secondary schools, the chronology of which will be completed in 2000. As of April 2013, Putin spent 11 hours of “straight lines”, answering questions from Russian citizens on television.

Economic crisis of 2008-2010

According to the World Bank, the Russian crisis of 2008 “began as a private sector crisis provoked by excessive private sector borrowing in the face of a deep triple shock: from the terms of trade, capital flight and tightening conditions for external borrowing.”​
The downward trend in the Russian stock markets that began at the end of May 2008 turned into a collapse in quotations at the end of July of the same year, due, as some experts believe, to Putin’s threatening statements against Mechel CEO I. Zyuzin in July and military-political actions leadership of the Russian Federation in early August (Russian-Georgian conflict). According to financier J. Soros (February 2009), “<…>although the invasion of Georgia was successful both politically and militarily, it had unexpected financial consequences. Capital fled from Russia. The stock market began to plummet, and the ruble began to weaken. Coincident with the global financial crisis, the consequences of the war were catastrophic. A series of margin calls revealed a fatal flaw in the Putin regime: business did not have confidence in the regime because of its arbitrariness. Entrepreneurs kept money abroad, and their business was carried out on borrowed funds. Margin calls resulted in a series of defaults that changed the economic landscape.”

On October 1, 2008, Putin placed all responsibility for the financial crisis on the US government and "system", saying: "Everything that is happening today in the field of economy, finance, began, as you know, in the USA." On October 31, 2008, Putin announced a possible reduction in budget spending and state monopolies; further business support will have to be carried out mainly without additional state expenses. On November 8, Putin approved the "Action Plan aimed at improving the situation in the financial sector and individual sectors of the economy" prepared in accordance with the instructions of President Medvedev. In November, Putin announced a reduction in the income tax rate from 24% to 20% effective January 1, 2009. On December 11, he announced a temporary increase in import duties on foreign agricultural machinery. This measure was aimed at supporting Russian manufacturers of agricultural machinery. On December 19, Putin announced measures to support the automotive industry, including subsidizing car loan rates and helping automakers raise finance.​
In 2008-2009, against the background of the economic crisis, the net outflow of capital from Russia amounted to $191.1 billion. At the beginning of 2010, the inflow of capital into Russia resumed.​
On January 12, 2009, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On Amendments to the Customs Tariff for Certain Motor Vehicles”, signed on December 5, 2008 by Prime Minister V.V. Putin, came into force, which introduced new, increased customs duties on imported trucks and cars of foreign production. The government's decision triggered mass protests in the cities of the Far East, Siberia and other regions in December 2008, which continued in early January 2009, mostly under the political slogans of Putin's resignation.

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Putin signed a new program of anti-crisis measures, the priorities of which are social obligations, industry, innovation and a strong financial system. On August 10, Putin announced the allocation of more than one trillion rubles in 2010 for anti-crisis support for Russian regions.​
On December 30, 2009, Putin announced that the active phase of the Russian economic crisis had been overcome.​
In March 2010, a World Bank report noted that the losses to the Russian economy were less than expected at the start of the crisis. According to the World Bank, this was partly due to the large-scale anti-crisis measures taken by the government. According to the results of the first quarter of 2010, in terms of GDP growth (2.9%) and industrial production growth (5.8%), Russia took 2nd place among the G8 countries, second only to Japan. In October 2010, Putin said that the global economic crisis had become a serious test for Russia, but his lessons confirmed the correctness of the path chosen by the government, and "pre-accumulated reserves, responsible macroeconomic policy, successfully implemented anti-crisis program - all this made it possible to mitigate the consequences of the economic downturn for citizens and for business and return to a growth trajectory relatively quickly.”

Presidential Election 2012​

On September 24, 2011, during the congress of the United Russia party, it was announced that Putin would run for president in 2012, and Dmitry Medvedev would head the government if he won. President Medvedev accepted Prime Minister Putin's offer to lead the United Russia party in the Duma elections. The delegates gave this statement a standing ovation. Medvedev immediately reacted, saying that the applause was proof of Putin's popularity among the people.​
In the presidential elections in Russia on March 4, 2012, Putin won in the first round, according to official data, gaining 63.6% (a total of 45,602,075 votes). On March 7, 2012, he was announced by the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation as the elected President of the Russian Federation. On May 7, 2012, he took office as President of the Russian Federation.​
According to Russian presidential candidate Gennady Zyuganov, leaders of the Yabloko party, the Other Russia party, the Golos association and other public organizations, the election result was affected by massive violations during their conduct and during the election campaign, so the elections must be considered illegitimate.

Third presidential term

Putin took office for the third time on May 7, 2012; On that day, he signed a series of policy decrees referred to in the press as the May Decrees. The day after taking office, he proposed to the State Duma for the post of Prime Minister ex-President Dmitry Medvedev and instructed him to form a new Government.​
In 2014, he held the 2014 Winter Olympics as the head of the host country; in March, during the protracted political crisis in Ukraine and Crimea, he applied to the Federation Council and received consent to the use of Russian troops in Ukraine. On March 17, he signed a decree recognizing the Republic of Crimea as an independent and sovereign state and recognizing Sevastopol as a city with a special status within Crimea. On March 18, in the Georgievsky Hall of the Kremlin, Putin addressed both chambers of the Federal Assembly in connection with the request of the Republic of Crimea to join Russia, and immediately after delivering the speech, he signed an agreement with the leaders of Crimea on the entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation. Putin took the decision on Crimea alone.

Events in Ukraine and Crimea

In March 2014, Russian servicemen in unmarked uniforms (“little green men”), by Putin’s decision, stood behind the Crimean self-defense forces and ensured the security of the referendum on the status of Crimea.​
Since the spring of 2014, during the events in Ukraine and Crimea, the focus of attention of world politicians and the press has been the concentration of Russian troops along the Russian-Ukrainian border and in the regions bordering Ukraine. By August, statements were made by US President Obama, German Chancellor Merkel, and expert opinions of Western intelligence services were published that Russia was preparing for a military invasion of Ukraine, at the first stage - in the form of combat escort of a humanitarian convoy. On August 9, 2014, the Financial Times reported that Russia, by Putin’s decision, had already started a secret military campaign in Ukraine, was supporting and arming the rebels, and the special forces of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces had secretly entered the territory of Ukraine, were participating in the battles on the side of the militias and suffered the first combat losses in the amount of 12 fighters. The Russian side denied the information of the British intelligence services. On August 18, Putin signed a decree awarding the 76th Guards Air Assault Division the Order of Suvorov "for the successful completion of combat missions." On August 22, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation S. Shoigu, having presented the order of Suvorov to the paratroopers in the Pskov region, personally thanked them for the operation to return the Crimea.

On July 26, 2014, an official representative of the US president accused Putin of destroying a Malaysian Boeing in the Donetsk region. The Russian Foreign Ministry reacted with counter accusations of blatant lies in the foreign policy of the American administration and slander against Russia.​
On August 31, 2014, after Western countries imposed sectoral sanctions in connection with Russia's alleged responsibility for the military actions in Ukraine, Putin warned Western partners about the difficulties of returning to the Russian market in the future, and also argued that Russia's counter reaction to Western actions is inevitable: " Russia cannot remain indifferent to the fact that people are being shot almost point-blank.”​
On October 17, 2014, Putin took part in the Asia-Europe Forum summit in Milan, where he held talks with Poroshenko, Merkel, Hollande and a number of European leaders. On October 24, at a meeting with world political scientists and journalists, members of the Valdai discussion club, Putin made a policy statement, which political scientists compared in importance with his Munich speech in 2007. Putin blamed the West for the war in Ukraine, which he saw as the result of a coup sponsored by Western powers. The general conclusion of the speech was to indicate the responsibility of the American administration for the collapse of the global security system and dictatorship in the international arena. The Western press noted the harsh style and anti-American orientation of Putin's speech.

Relations with China

Shanghai Accords 2014​
On May 20, 2014 in Shanghai, during the visit of Russian President Vladimir Putin, a number of strategic agreements (46 documents in total) on cooperation between Russia and China were signed at the head of the Russian delegation, including:​
An agreement was signed on strategic cooperation between Russian and Chinese railways: Russian Railways and the PRC railway will jointly develop transport infrastructure (including border crossings), jointly develop tariff plans and marketing campaigns in order to create competitive tariff conditions for rail transportation on transit routes China - Russia - Europe.​
Cooperation agreements on the use of national currencies have been signed: VTB and Bank of China will develop partnerships in various areas. In general, Russia and China intend to increase the volume of direct settlements in national currencies in mutual trade between the countries.​
An agreement was signed on the creation of a Russian-Chinese wide-body long-range aircraft: United Aircraft Corporation OJSC and the Chinese corporation COMAC will create an airliner that should occupy significant market shares both in Russia and China, and in third countries.

A memorandum was signed on the joint construction of a new bridge across the Amur: construction should be completed by 2016, the new bridge will shorten the route for Russian cargo delivered to China by 700 kilometers, and will also allow transporting 21 million tons of cargo for export to China. 80% of the construction will be financed by China, 20% - by Russia. ​
Cooperation agreements were signed between a number of ministries, regions and enterprises of Russia and China. ​
A contract was signed for the sale and purchase of liquefied gas within the framework of the Yamal LNG project between NOVATEK and China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). ​
Agreements were signed on the implementation of a number of investment projects with the participation of China in the Far East. ​
6 contracts were signed by Eurocement Group and China CAMC Engineering for the construction of new technological lines for the production of cement in European Russia. ​
A number of agreements on joint projects and cooperation in the field of mechanical engineering, chemical industry and infrastructure construction have been signed. ​
China announced its readiness to zero import duties on Russian gas, and Russia to zero the mineral extraction tax for gas fields that will supply gas to China. ​
Russia and China also agreed to coordinate their foreign policy steps more closely. ​
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The largest gas supply contract in history
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On May 21, 2014, Russian Gazprom and China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) signed a thirty-year gas supply agreement - the contract provides for the supply of up to 38 billion cubic meters of gas per year with a total price of $400 billion over 30 years. The exact price of gas was not named, but it is known that it exceeds $350 per thousand cubic meters. The contract is the largest in the history of the gas industry of the USSR and Russia, and, apparently, the largest gas supply agreement in the history of the global gas industry.​
The head of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, announced further plans for cooperation with China: “38 billion is just the beginning. Because we agreed with our Chinese partners that as soon as we sign a contract on the eastern route, we will begin negotiations on the western route. But as for the western route, there is one fundamental difference in terms of the resource base: this is the same base from which we supply gas to Europe.”​
Russian President Vladimir Putin said that the implementation of the project of the western route of gas supplies to China will make China the largest consumer of Russian gas in the world. According to Putin, Russia will begin the largest construction project in the world, and the Russian-Chinese energy alliance will become the backbone of the entire Asia-Pacific region.​
The head of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, also said that the contract with China will affect gas prices for Europe. Gazprom confirmed that the gas price for China would be above $350 per thousand cubic meters and said that $25 billion would be received from China as an advance for gas.​
Important features of the contract include:
This is a contract for 30 years, while the European Union is trying to force Gazprom to abandon the “enslaving” long-term contracts and switch to the spot market (the market for point deliveries), which is subject to manipulation by Western energy companies.​
The contract was concluded on the “take or pay” principle, which the Europeans are also trying to cancel in their interaction with Gazprom.​
The price of gas supplies is pegged to the prices of a basket of petroleum products - another principle that the EU is trying to get rid of.
​

The conclusion of such a large-scale contract for supplies to China is of great importance against the backdrop of the Ukrainian crisis provoked by the West, which escalated into a civil war. The West continues to hypocritically accuse Russia of creating tension in Ukraine and supporting the militias of the rebellious Donbass, threatening to move from targeted sanctions against individual companies and individuals involved, according to the United States, in the reunification of Crimea with Russia and the uprising of the South-East of Ukraine, to sanctions against entire sectors Russian economy. The successful conclusion of a contract with a good supply price dramatically increases Russia's ability to intervene in the crisis in Ukraine, since, on the one hand, cooperation with China can compensate for possible losses from Western sanctions, and on the other hand, in the event of a sharp deterioration in Russia's relations with the West, China will no longer be able to take advantage of the situation and impose unfavorable terms of cooperation on Russia, since the contract has already been concluded. ​
The gas deal with China and other joint economic deals create guarantees for the future development of the Russian economy for years to come and testify to Russia's large-scale economic turn from West to East (which is very relevant against the backdrop of reports that already in 2014 China could become the largest world economy and has been the world's largest industrial economy for several years). The diversification of gas supplies and the development of an alternative to Europe, the Chinese market (potentially exceeding the European one) creates a situation in which, on the one hand, Russia retains its influence on Europe as the largest exporter of gas (a key energy resource for half of European countries), and on the other hand, Russia reduces its own dependence on the European market.

Moscow Accords 2014
​
On October 13, 2014, over 30 intergovernmental, interdepartmental and corporate agreements were signed in Moscow following the meeting of the heads of government of Russia and China, Dmitry Medvedev and Li Keqiang. As a result of this visit, the following was achieved:​
China provided financing to Russian banks that fell under Western sanctions due to the Ukrainian crisis. Thus, China not only refused to support anti-Russian sanctions, but also unequivocally stated that it would help Russia cope with them. Among other things, China Development Bank gave Megafon a loan for half a billion dollars, and VTB, VEB and Rosselkhozbank will receive financing from China EximBank for import-export transactions.​
Russia and China have agreed to carry out a 150 billion yuan ($25 billion) currency swap between their central banks - now it will be easier to squeeze the dollar out of mutual settlements (especially from settlements for energy resources).​
Rosneft and Chinese CNPC have begun negotiations on the supply of liquefied natural gas to China from the fields of the Sakhalin-1 project; for this, by 2018-2019, it is planned to build a liquefied gas plant in Russia with a capacity of 5 million tons per year. ​
China will provide a $25 billion loan for the development of hydrocarbon deposits and for the construction of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline.

Joint projects of Russia and China
The most important goal of China is the creation of the so-called New Silk Road, the land part of which is a transport corridor through Kazakhstan and Russia to Europe. The United States is trying to prevent the implementation of this project, which supports Islamic separatists in the west of China (Xinjiang Uygur region), and also seeks to break Russia's ties with Europe. ​
In June 2014, Russia and China agreed to set up a rating agency to evaluate joint projects. ​
On September 1, 2014, in Yakutia, Gazprom began construction of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline with a length of about 3,000 kilometers and a capacity of 38 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The pipeline will provide gas supplies under the largest gas contract in history, concluded between Russia and China on May 21, 2014. This is the largest building project in the world.

Presentation about Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin - To print this presentation, you can download it for free.

Election history President Russian Federation

The elections that took place in March 2018 became the seventh presidential elections in modern Russia. Before that they were held in

1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012.

The post of President of Russia, elected by popular vote, was established by the results of a national referendum on March 17, 1991. The corresponding provisions were enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR, according to which the president was elected for a term of 5 years.

On March 17, 1991, the provisions were enshrined in the constitution of the RSFSR, according to which the president was elected for a term of 5 years.

In 1993, the new Constitution of the Russian Federation came into force, according to which the term of presidential powers was reduced to 4 years. In 2008, the presidential term was again extended to 6 years.

THE FIRST ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA - 1991

In accordance with the 1991 law "On the Presidential Elections of the RSFSR", in order to win, a candidate had to receive more than half of the votes.

On June 12, 1991, 6 candidates took part in the first presidential elections in the Russian Federation. As a result of general and direct elections, already in the first round, the President of the country for 5 years

was elected Boris Yeltsin .

Boris Yeltsin (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR) won 57.3% of the vote

In total, 74.66% of voters took part in the elections

THE ONLY TWO ROUND ELECTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA - 1996

These elections turned out to be the only ones in the recent history of Russia, when a second round was required to determine the winner.

Two candidates advanced to the second round - incumbent President Boris Yeltsin and Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov, who received the largest number of votes in the first round. As a result, the president was again elected Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin

THIRD ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA - 2000

On December 31, 1999, Boris Yeltsin announced the early resignation of the President of the Russian Federation and appointed the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation as Acting Head of State

Vladimir Putin.

Early presidential elections were held on March 26, 2000. 11 candidates took part in them.

Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia , who participated in the elections in the order of self-nomination. The official entry into office took place on May 7.

In total, 109 million 372 thousand 46 people were included in the voter lists. 75 million 181 thousand 71 voters (68.74%) took part in the elections

FOURTH RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION - 2004

On March 14, 2004, regular elections were held in accordance with the new version of the law "On the Elections of the President of the Russian Federation", which entered into force on January 16, 2003.

6 candidates fought for the highest post of the state.

Vladimir Putin , who took part in the elections as an independent candidate, was elected president for a second term.

In total, 108 million 064 thousand 281 voters were included in the voter lists at the end of voting, 69 million 581 thousand 761 voters took part in the voting (64.39%)

FIFTH ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA - 2008

On March 2, 2008, 4 candidates fought for the highest post. Russian President Vladimir Putin, according to the country's Constitution, had no right to run for this post

for the third time in a row.

The final turnout was 69.81%. As a result of the vote, the President of the country was elected Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev , First Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation, nominated by United Russia and supported by the parties Just Russia, Civil Power and the Agrarian Party of Russia.

SEVENTH ELECTION PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA - 2018

The turnout in the presidential elections in Russia was 67.54%.

The result of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was a record, since in 2000 he received 52.94% of the vote, that is, he was supported by 39.74 million people, in 2004 the current master of the Kremlin scored 71.31% - more than 49.563 million voters, and in the elections in 2012, Putin was supported by 45.602 million Russians (63.60%).

In 2018, the current head of state was elected for a new six-year term. Vladimir Putin , winning the election with a score of 76.69% of the vote

lesson plan procedure for removing the President from office

BN Yeltsin First President of the Russian Federation June December 1999 Vladimir Putin Second President of the Russian Federation March May 2008; The fourth took office on May 7, 2012. D.A. Medvedev Third President of the Russian Federation March 2008 - May 2012

The status of the President according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation The President of the Russian Federation The head of state is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen determines the directions of domestic and foreign policy represents Russia coordinates the work within the country and all branches of power in international relations (Article 80 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)

The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation Is determined by: -K-K by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 81) -F-F by the Federal Law of May 17, 1995 "On the Election of the President of the Russian Federation" Elections are carried out on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot Elections are held only if at least two candidates are registered Elections are considered valid if more than half of the voters included in the voter lists took part in them The candidate who received more than half of the votes of the voters who took part in the voting is considered elected

The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation Requirements for a presidential candidate: - Mr. citizen of the Russian Federation; -n-n is younger than 35 years; -p-p permanently residing in Russia for at least 10 years, the President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of 6 years The same person cannot hold the position of President for more than two consecutive terms

Powers of the President of the Russian Federation Personnel (Article 83 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) In the sphere of legislative power (Article 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) In the sphere of foreign policy (Article 86 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) In the military sphere (Article 87 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) In relation to citizens (Article 89 Constitution of the Russian Federation)

Powers of the President of the Russian Federation 1. Uses conciliation procedures to resolve disagreements between state authorities of the Russian Federation (Article 85 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation); 2. Introduces a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation (Article 88 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation); 3. Issues decrees and orders that: - are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation; - must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws (Article 90 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The President of the Russian Federation has immunity (Article 91 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Termination of powers of the President of the Russian Federation 1. Normal procedure: - from the moment the newly elected President takes the oath 2. Early termination of powers: - o-o resignation, that is, the initiative of the President himself; -c-c persistent inability for health reasons to exercise powers; -IMPEACHMENT - the procedure for removing the head of state from office by a court of parliament on a serious criminal charge (Article 92 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)

Grounds and procedure for dismissal of the President from office Grounds: - on charges of high treason or committing another grave crime Necessary conditions: 1) the conclusion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the presence of signs of a crime in the actions of the President; 2) the conclusion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges (Article 93 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)

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Presentation slides

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President of Russian Federation

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The President of the Russian Federation is the highest state position of the Russian Federation. The President of Russia is: the head of state, not included in any of the branches of power; the guarantor of the Constitution of Russia, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia; Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The president

head of state

Guarantor of the Constitution

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces

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The post of the President of the Russian Federation (until December 25, 1991 - the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) was created on April 24, 1991 as the post of the highest official and head of the executive power of one of the Union Republics of the USSR - the RSFSR - on the basis of the will of the people expressed in a referendum on March 17 1991.

March 17, 1991 was the first all-Russian referendum on the introduction of the post of President of the RSFSR. 75.09% of Russian citizens took part in it, of which 69.85% supported this proposal. Three months later, on June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian Federation.

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The legal status of the President of Russia is enshrined in the fourth chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Initially (in 1991) the President of Russia was elected for 5 years. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, the term of office of the President was reduced to 4 years. After the amendments to the Constitution, which came into force on December 31, 2008, from the next elections, he will be elected for a six-year term of office.

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People Elections General Equal Direct

The President of the Russian Federation is elected by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of: universal equal direct secret ballot.

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The exact procedure for the election of the President of the Russian Federation is determined by the federal law of January 10, 2003 No. 19-FZ "On the election of the President of the Russian Federation."

A candidate for the office of the President may be a citizen of the Russian Federation:

not younger than 35 years old

permanently residing in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years

The same person cannot hold the office of the President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.

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On the basis of the fourth chapter of the Constitution, the President of Russia exercises the following powers:

appoints, with the approval of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

has the right to chair meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation;

decides on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;

presents to the State Duma a candidate for appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central Bank; and also puts before the State Duma the issue of dismissing the chairman of the Central Bank from his post;

on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints and dismisses the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers;

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Submits to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the following positions:

Judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court,

candidacy of the Prosecutor General;

submits to the Federation Council a proposal to dismiss the Prosecutor General from office;

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appoints judges of other federal courts;

forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation,

approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;

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forms the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation;

appoints and dismisses authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation;

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appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign states and international organizations.

appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;

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calls elections to the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution and federal law;

dissolves the State Duma in the cases and in the manner prescribed by the Constitution;

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signs and promulgates federal laws within fourteen days of receipt.

submits bills to the State Duma;

If, upon reconsideration, the federal law is approved in the previously adopted version by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma, it must be signed by the President of the Russian Federation within seven days and promulgated .;

If the president rejects it within fourteen days from the date of receipt of the federal law, the State Duma and the Federation Council, in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution, reconsider this law.

law Project

The State Duma

Council of the Federation

obligated to sign

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addresses the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state.

The President of the Russian Federation may use conciliation procedures to resolve disagreements between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as between state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In case of failure to reach an agreed solution, he may refer the dispute to the appropriate court.

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The President of the Russian Federation has the right to suspend acts of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

manages the foreign policy of the Russian Federation; negotiates and signs international treaties of the Russian Federation;

accepts letters of credence and revocable letters of diplomatic representatives accredited to him.

signs instruments of ratification;

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awards state awards of the Russian Federation, awards honorary titles of the Russian Federation, higher military and higher special ranks;

resolves issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and granting political asylum;

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